Language & Cognition
23 important questions on Language & Cognition
Is language cognition according to behaviorism?
Behavior is the only cognition -->
Thinking is sub-vocal physical speech
(Extreme version of language = cognition hypothesis)
What is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
What is linguistic determinism?
- People who speak another language see the world differently.
(Depending on concepts & structures present in their language)
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What is linguistic relativism?
How can you test the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
- Can they still process these concepts?
Absolute difference: (Linguistic determinism)- Language determines thought
- So, if something is not present in language, it's not present in thought
What is the difference in testing the strong and the weak version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? (Expectations)
Weak version --> Relativism --> Relative changes
What word-types do we mostly use for language testing cultures?
A language has >3 terms for colors, what colors?
- First: Yellow, green blue (ezel: zon, gras, water)
- Then Brown (kak)
- Then purple, orange & gray (mix & onnatuurlijk)
What does the order in which color-terms are 'added' to a language suggest?
Suggests: Universal psychophysical basis for color terms.
--> Perception shapes language, not the other way around
What are the findings on color research comparing the Dani people & western subjects?
- Better at focal colors, than non-focal colors (just like western subjects)
What are the findings in language research of the Berinmo people? (color). What hypothesis does this support?
Results: - Able to perceive colors for which they have no word
- Worse performance than english subjects. (Decline depending on language)
Relative difference --> Suppors weak version of Sapir-Wharf Hypothesis
What is the difference between Russian in English in color terms?
What were the findings of the language experiment involving english & russian subjects? (color)
- Russian subjects: faster performance when choosing stimuli from different blue categories (compared to within the same blue)
Conclusion: Benefit of color categories more pronounced when 2 stimuli are very similar.
- Language influences perception & action
What were the conclusions when comparing greeks speaking & english subjects? (color). What hypothesis does this support?
Blue deviants show a much larger mismatch negativity for greek speakers, compared to english subjects.
(Because greek speakers have 2 words for blue)
Evidence for weak version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (Relative Changes)
What were the findings for the Piraha people when talking about language & numbers?
(One, two, many, much)
There has been research on numbers & language (Comparing 3 tribes with english speakers). What are the conclusions when taking all this research into account?
Piraha people can't cope with larger numbers (Gordon), but australian children who grow up with few numerals are just as good at manipulating as english australian children (Butterworth)
(Contradicting evidence for language --> Different cause? --> Culture?)
How do english speakers talk about time?
Organizing events in time as if they are in a horizontal spatial relationship.
Examples:
- Good times are ahead
- Hardship is behind us
- Move meeting forward
- Push deadline back
How do mandarin speakers talk about time?
- BUT: also above/below methaphors
- Organizing events in time s if they are in a vertical spatial relationship
Examples:
- Weeks/months in the past: sha'ng (up)
-Weeks/months in future: xia' (down)
How can you research in what way 'time' is organized in language? What were the results?
-Horizontal & vertical primes (ball above, worm in front)
- Time related questions (March earlier than april?)
- Measure RT
Results:
- English speaker: Time is triggered by horizontal (faster RT)
- Mandarin speaker: time triggered by vertical (faster RT)
- Biling (english learned later): Stronger vertical than horizontal priming (still show 'mandarin' RT)
What is unique about Sign language? What hypothesis came out of this?
It uses a combination of hands & face.
Uses face --> Does speaking sign language change face perception or spatial cognition?
What did Bettger et al. Show when researching sign language & face perception?
- Deaf participant, deaf parents
- Deaf participants, hearing parents
- Hearing participants, hearing parents
Deaf-Deaf much better at face recognition (no different in Deaf-hearing & hearing-hearing)
What are the findings of spatial cognition in sign language 'speakers'?
Results: More accurate location & orientation in mental rotation
Nicaraguan Sign Language (NSL; Pyers et al): Simple NSL & complex NSL.
Complex NSL 'speakers' better performance on spatial orientation than simple NSL
What other influences does speaking sign language have? (Where do you get better at?)
Better spatial cognition
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