Breed, feed, manure
20 important questions on Breed, feed, manure
What is the focus of conventional production regarding to breeding?
- High production intensity
- Maximize profit
- High inputs from all over the world
- Uniform conditions
- Holstein Frisian cows
What are the organic dairy cattle breeding selection criteria?
- Milk quality
- fertility and calving ease
- No physilogical and disease problems
- Milk and meat production (dueal purpose)
- High roughage intake and digestion capacity
- Robustness and health characters (resistance)
- Ability to adapt
- Quiet easy going animals
What are the social and ethical issues of breeding?
- Animal integrity
- Animal welfare and health
- Consumers demands: purity of products
- Closed production chains
- Existing and future regulations
- Higher grades + faster learning
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What are artifical breeding methods?
- Embryo transpland and super ovulation
- In-vitro fertilization
- Genetic modification
What is the holstein frisian?
- 8500 kg milk, 3,63% fat and 3,16% protein
- cow weighs 650 kh
What is the friesian dutch?
- 7200 kg milk, 4.42%fat, 3.44% protein
- cow weigh 550-600 kg
What is the brown swiss?
- 7617 kg milk, 4.49% fat, 4.64% protein
- cow weighs 630 kg
- High protein, calving ease
- Low fat, daily gain, muscularity
What are the steps of into the rumen?
- Rumination
- Fermentation
- Uptake of fermentation products
- Passage
What happens during uptake of fermentation products?
Where is feed intake determined by?
- Fodder: type, quality, taste
What is the effective dry matte intake by anima?
What is feeds contribute to saturation?
What are the levels of saturation value?
- Medium (0.9-1.1) for fresh roughages like grass
- High (>1.1) for low-quality roughages like hay and straw
What are the nutritional demands and what are they for?
- Protein, animo acids
- Fats, vitamins, minerals, water etc.
Are for maintance, activity, production of milk and increase in body weight (meat, offspring)
What happens to protein in the rumen?
- Partly resistand to breakdown, escapes from reticulo-rumen
- Rest released as ammonia, to be recycled through saliva and converted to urea in the liver, followed by excretion in urine
What is urea concentration in milk important for?
- Aim: 20-30mg urea/100ml milk
- Annueal fluctuations with a peak in spring and early summer (N fertilization level and clover content in grassland)
What are the health implications of high propertions of sugars and undergraded starch?
- Large intestine digestion compromised: reduced manure quality and health
What are the health implications of high proportions of protein?
- Mobilization of body reserves: milking disease, loss of liver function, lower resistance to diseases, lower fertility and body condition, lower productivity in long run
What are the health implication of high proportions of sugers and protein in the diet (from for eg clover)
Where is the manure amount dependent on?
- Balance between carbohysrates and proteins
- Composition of proteins
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