Read the summary and the most important questions on Lectures

• 1 “General introduction in culture and cross-cultural management issues

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• Why do cultures persist?

  1.Survival (once C pattern is established à resistant to change)
  2.Language (transmission)
  3.Religion (cannot be verified by empirical tests)
  Other factors 

• 2. Collective/Societal Level 

  * Decrease transaction costs in individual encounters
  * Solve collective good problems

• differences collectivistic & individualistic

  Endogenous vs exogenous character of culture
  Detailed vs wider perspective
  Stimuli vs disciplining

• 2 Dimensions of culture: theories, concepts, research

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• why are cultures different?

  
  *  Cultural materialism
  • Evolutionary psychology: stresses cultural
  universals, looking for similarities.

• Evolutionary psychology₋ Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961): 6 basic issues cultures have to deal with:

  
  1. Relationships to nature: domination, subjugation, harmony.
  2. Believes about human nature: good or evil.
  3. Relationships between people: individual vs collective, collateral versus hierarchy.
  4. Nature of human activity: being, achieving, thinking.
  5. Conception of space: public versus private.
  6. Orientation to time: role of past, present, and future.

• Why culture enters Management studies?

  1. -WW2 à US management style was seen as universal à ‘only one best way of managing’ -JAPAN à completely different  à strong competitor (low prices/higher Quality) à start attention mgmt. style Japan.
  
  
  2. - M&A’s à popular
  à how people relate (pressing issue)
  à source of cooperative problems/failures
  Realized: relevance of culture (as an issue) is driven by consultants

• Long-term vs. short-term (time) orientation

  Short term orientation
  Long term orientation
  Cherishing virtues that relate to past & present
  Cherishing virtues that relate to the future

• PROBLEMATIC ISSUES - GLOBE

  1.How to analyse data collected on individual level to describe/explain collective characteristics
  2.Some practices correlate negatively with values à why??
  Expectation: other way around
  Negative correlation: practices & values (expected to be other way around)

• Universal (rules) vs Particularism (exceptions)

  universalism: belief that what is true & good can be discovered & applied universally
  Particularism: belief that unique circumstances determine what is right or good

• Analyzed specifics vs integrated wholes

  osearching for details / anaylzing the pattern
  oAnglo-Saxon countries: from detail to pattern/whole
  oStraight to the point / direct ; or relationship building