Read the summary and the most important questions on Marine Vertebrates 2.0

• 1 Marine

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• How do odontocetes make sound?

  To produce clicks, air is pushed past the phonic lips which open and slap shut, causing vibration in dorsal bursae. Air sacs recycle air. Air flow is controlled by larynx.

• What are the differences between the eyes of pinnipeds and cetaceans?

  Pinnipeds:
  

  • Very flat cornea
  • strong iris
  • tapetum

  Cetacean
  

  • thick flat cornea
  • operculum used to close pupil to determine how much light gets let in
  • tapetum (reflects light within eye)

• What are the differences of olfaction (smell) between pinnipeds and cetaceans?

  Pinnipeds:
  

  • Same as human, only slightly reduced
  • locating pups and food

  Cetaceans
  

  • odontocetes have no smell
  • Mysticetes can use smell to detect krill
    

   

• What are pinniped whiskers used for?

  Important for touch and hydrodynamics (water movement)

• What are the different breeding strategies of pinnipeds?

  Land breeding
  

  • extreme polygyny

  Ice breeding
  

  • Serial monogamy and polygyny
  • aquatic mating

• What are the types of reproductive frequencies?

  Single spawning effort in life
  

  • Metabolic efficiency
  • max. Fecundity
  • match offspring to ideal growing conditions
  • overwhelm predators
  • risk of waiting (death)  

  Repeated spawning efforts
  

  • spawn before death
  • spread offspring over multiple entry times
  • reduce fecundity to ensure SOME reproduction

• What is the Allee effect?

  When reproduction goes to zero before the population size goes to zero, due to failure of reproduction at low density.
  

  • Failure of fertilisation
  • inability to find mates
  • inbreeding depression
  • having random mate choice

• Feeding in toothed whales

  Extreme specialists
  

  • Orcas - restricted

  Extreme generalists
  

  • Dolphins - eat everything 

• Marine mammal dive reflex

  • Reduced heart rate
    
  • peripheral vasoconstriction
  • reduced aerobic metabolism - slows use of stored oxygen
  • Increased anaerobic metabolism - respiration without oxygen

• Aerobic Dive limit (ADL)

  • The maximum duration to use up stored oxygen
    
  • After this happens lactic acid forms
  • and anaerobic respiration starts which is harmful.