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Composite Materials - Large-Particle Composites

4 important questions on Composite Materials - Large-Particle Composites

What are the rule-of-mixtures equations?

These are mathematical equations that predict between what boundaries the elastic modulus of a composite will fall.
Upper bound:

Lower bound:

What is the difference between concrete and cement?

Concrete is a composite material consisting of two ceramic materials. Cement is usually used as a binding medium.

From what materials is Portland Cement Concrete made and what are their properties?

Portland cement, a fine aggregate (sand), a coarse aggregate (gravel) and water are used. The aggregates are added to make the material cheaper. The water acts as a bonding agent between the cement and the aggregates.
Portland cement concrete can be poured and hardens under room temperature. It is extremely brittle and relatively weak.

How is prestressed concrete created?

One way is to stretch high-strength steel within the mold with a high tensile force. After the concrete has been pored and hardened the tensile force is released, putting the concrete in constant compression.