Growth and body composition of animals
19 important questions on Growth and body composition of animals
Draw the sigmoidal growth curve
- Relationship between weight of an animal & its age (S-curve)
- Food for maintenance of existing tissue & growth of new tissues
- Growth is fastest at maximum point
- Growth is most efficient as limited energy is used for maintenance
- Occurs at 30% mature weight
The rate of growth can be described in two different ways:
- divide increase in weight over a particular time by length of that period
- average growth rate = w2-w1 / t2-t1
Relative growth rate
- increase in weight over a time period divided by initial weight
- Relative growth rate = w2-w1 / w1
Certain tissues, organs or parts of the body grow faster than others. Explain by drawing the growth curves
- Head; Brain; Cannon; Kidney fat
- Neck; Bone; Tibia-Fibular; Intermuscular fat
- Thorax; Muscle; Femur; Subcutaneous fat
- Loin; Fat; Pelvis; Intramuscular fat
A - Early maturing animal or animal on high plane of nutrition
B - Late maturing animal or animals of low plane of nutrition
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
Growth of tissue consist of two processes
- Number of cells increase by cell division
- Hyperplasia
- Most occurs before birth
- 30-40 cel divisions take place during gestation compared to 2-4 post-natally
- Cells increase in size
- Hypertrophy
- After birth tissue mass increases with little change in number of cells (cels hypertrophy)
Is the fibre size similar in larger animal species?
double muscled animals have more & larger fibres in muscles than normal animals = pronounced muscling when mature
- lack myostatin (which inhibit differentiation & growth of myoblasts before birth
What are the four major deports [fat growth]
- Subcutaneous
- Perinephric
- Omental
- Inter- & intramuscular fat
How is growth controlled
- e.g. Insulin, growth hormone (somatotrophin), insulin-like growth factors & epidermal growth factor
- sex hormones (oestrogen & androgens)
- important factors limiting potential growth is stimulation of immune system by environmental factors
- leptin (mainly produced in adipose tissue
- controls food intake, energy expenditure & body weight
Carcass yield (opbrengst) =
- weight of carcass to weight of live animal = important measurement of meat yield
- killing-out% = dressing %
- killing-out% = (carcass weight/live weight) x 100
- carcass weighted immediately after preparation & before cooling
- cooling = moisture loss
- hot vs cold carcass weight
Killing-out% differs in different species
- Sheep & cattle have bigger guts
- Pig carcasses - include skin, feed & head
What is conformation? [carcass conformation]
- Conformation --> carcass shape
- Reflect proportion of muscle to bone
- Good conformation = appearance of thicker more defined muscles
- higher price
- joints & steaks of better appearance
- at same level of fatness these carcasses yield more lean meat
- modern breeds selected for better carcass conformation
- High muscle/bone ratio = good carcass conformation
How does castration influence the muscle development of male animals?
- older animals tend to be fatter
- fat deposited mainly from onset of puberty
- daarin cattle breeds have carcasses with more muscle & less fat than beed
- male animals are
- leaner than females
- grow to larger mature size
What are the two main edible components of an animal's carcass
- Muscle (lean)
- Adipose tissue (fat)
animal tissue: protein & chemical fat associated with w
- Muscle contain about 75% water & 20% protein
- Adipose tissue contains only 30% water
Discuss the difference in meat quality between a Texel lamb on a high plane of nutrition versus one on a low plane of nutrition if they were both slaughtered at the same chronological age
food place a role - the energy of the food
What happens when animals get older & heavier?
muscle:bone ratio
- higher ratio better = more saleable lean meat & better carcass conformation
What are the growth-promoting steroids? (5)
- Androgens - actions like mal sex hormone testosterone
- Oestrogens - actions like female sex hormone oestradiol
- Progestagens - act like female hormone progesterone
- Trenbolone acetate - synthesis androgen that promotes growth by decreasing protein degradation in muscles
- Zeranol - synthetic oestrogen that promotes growth by decreasing protein degradation
sex hormones important in fatness & growth control
females tend to respond beter to androgens and males to oestrogens
What are beta2-agonists & how are they used to manipulate meat quality?
Called so because act on cells via beta-receptors cell0membrane
may produce meat darker & duller in colour & tougher after cooking
use not permitted in EU
The use of porcine & bovine somatotrophin (PST & BST)
- Giving frequent growth hormones (somatotrophin) to pigs in decreases carcass fat and increases muscle development
- Somatotrophin can be produced by bacteria using recombinant DNA techniques to insert appropriate genes
- naturally occurring may be more acceptable to consumers than beta-adrenergic agonists
- Not currently permitted in EU
Why do we classify & grade carcasses?
- To describe carcasses & allocate to categories based on criteria like fatness & conformation
- Classification schemes should be differentiated from grading schemes
- classification: objectively describes carcass in terms of estimated yield & weight
- grading: assigns a yield & weight class/values (for pricing purposes)
- Description of carcasses in classification schemes enables buy & sell unseen
- Facilitates carcass going to appropriate use
Explain how the (S)EUROP classification system works, i.e. What do the letters stand for? Also, mention which class would be considered more valuable
- S = superior - >60% lean meat
- E = excellent - 55 - 60%
- U = very good - 50-55%
- R = good - 45-50%
- O = average - 40-45%
- P = poor - <40%
S has highest % of lean meat, this is better & most valuable
P has lowest % of lean meat
Try our study magic for free
a PDF, study it super fast
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- AI makes unlimited flashcards
- Get unlimited quizzes and tests
- Ask AI anything
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- Have and keep perfect overview
- Make flashcards, notes and mind maps
- Review, test and score!
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
