Read the summary and the most important questions on Medical Pharmacology

• 1. Ιntroduction

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• What is the pharacological basis of pharmacotherapy?

  There is a therapeutic window, the bottom of this window is the minimum effective concentration, the top of this window is the minimum toxic concentration.

• What is the difference between primary and side effect? And how do you determine between these?

  Primary effect = effect(s) for which the compound is administered
  Side effect = adverse/unwanted effect(s) 
  The distinction is determined by the aim for which the drug is administered.

• What is a placebo and placebo effect?

  A placebo is a preparation without any pharmacologically active substances. When this has a (therapeutic) effect it is called a placebo effect.

• What is a nocebo?

  A placebo with unwanted (side) effects.

• 2. Receptor theory

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• What are the four levels of drug action & classification?

  • System
    
  • Tissue
  • Cellular (transduction)
  • Molecular

• How can drugs act on ion channels?

  As blocker or modulator

• How can drugs act on enzymes?

  As inhibitor, false substrate, and pro-drug

• What are the four receptor families?

  1. Ligand-gated ion channels (ionotropic receptors)
     
  2. G-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic receptors)
  3. Kinase-linked receptors
  4. Nuclear receptors

• What is the intrinsic activity?

  Capacity of a single drug-receptor complex to evoke a response.

• What are the premises of the receptor theory?

  • Agonist binds in a reversible manner to its receptor(s)
    
  • Agonist has a very high affinity for its receptor(s)
  • Agonist concentration is not altered as a consequence of binding to its receptor(s)
  • Agonist efficacy is proportionate to the occupancy grade of its receptor(s) at increasing drug concentrations