(Quasi-) Experimental designs
30 important questions on (Quasi-) Experimental designs
What does experimental design involve?
- Assignment of participants to different conditions
- manipulaton of one or more variables by experimenter
- measurement of effects of this manipulation on one or more other variables
- the control of all other variables
How can we operationalize an independent variable?
- You can measure it
- you can manipulate it (induce it), active change.
What kind of variable is the dependent variable?
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What types of manipulations are there? Of the independent variable
- Stimulus manipulation (different groups, different stimuli)
- Instructional manipulation (different groups, different instructions)
- Contextual manipulation (different groups, differenct situation)
What types of manipulation are there?
- Threat manipulation
- Feedback manipulation
- uncertainty manipulation
What kind of measures are there for de dependent variable
- Subjective
- Cognitive
- Behavioral
- neurobiological (MRI)
- Physiological (hartslag)
What do you need to concider when you measure the dependent variable ?
What are Ceiling effects when measuring the dependent variable?
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What three conditions are necesarry to claim that variable A causes changes in variable B?
- Relationship condition (variable A and variable B must be related)
- Temporal antecedence condition (proper time order must be established)
- Lack of alternative explanation condition (no confouding variable)
What is a extraneous variable?
Why are extraneous variables undesirable?
There are two standard methods for controlling extraneous variables;
- Control by randomization
- Control by holding constant or matching
What does control by randomization mean?
- Allocation of participants to groups in random way
- it offers a method for controlling a multitude of variables simultaneously and does not require specific attention to each extraneous variable
What is the goal of randomization?
How can the impact of an extraneous variable on the results be eliminated?
How can the impact of an extraneous variable on the results be minimized ?
What is important to take in mind with a manipulation check after the manipulation?
What type of experimental designs are there?
2. three-(or more) group designs
3. Factorial designs
4. Parametric designs
5. Matched pairs design
6. Repeated measures designs
How many levels do you have with a parametric design?
What will you do to the participants with a matches pairs design?
What does a repeated measures design mean?
When do you use a simple two group design?
- When orders effects are likely
- Independent variables are not suitable for repeated measurement
- In real life, people wouldn't often receive multiple treatments
- People might be expected to be sensitized by pre-testing on a matching variable
When do you use a factorial design?
- You are interested in more than one independent variable
- Interactions among independent variables may be of concern or when researchers are specifically interested in these interactions (moderation model)
When do you use a parametric design?
- The independent variable has a range of values or levels of interest
- You wish to investigate the form of nature of the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
When to use a matched pairs design?
- You have a matching variable which correlates highly with the dependent variable
- obtaining the score on the matching variable is unlikely to influence the treatment effects
- individual differences between subjects are likely to mask treatment effetc (effects of independent variable)
When do you use a repeated measures design?
- Order effects appear unlikely
- The independent variable lend themselves to repeated measurement
- In real life, people would be likely to be exposed to different treatments
- Individual differences between subjects are likely to mask treatment effects
When do you use a control group?
- It is not clear what the 'normal' level of the dependent variable is
- You're interested in comparing the treatment to a normal population
What are default's in the mediation design?
- Measurement in itself might interfere with how the process leads to the effect of interest.
- Mediation analysis is correlational, a third variable explains the relationship
- Mediator & DV are very similar ( is there discriminant validity)
- Possible interaction with independent variable
How many steps do you have with a experimental causal chain design?
- IV causes MED
- MED causes DV
How does your design look with a moderation of process design?
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