Introduction of neuromuscular disorders
13 important questions on Introduction of neuromuscular disorders
What are neuromuscular disorders?
What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?
2. Nerve roots, plexuses, peripheral nerves
3. Neuromuscular junction
4. Muscle + skin sensory receptors
What is a plexus?
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
What are general symptoms of neuromuscular disorders?
2. Delayed motor milestones during development
3. Hypotonia (e.g. floppy infant)
4. Gowers maneuver
5. Low or absent muscle stretch reflex
6. Muscle atrophy
7. Diminished cutaneous sensation (hypesthesia)
8. Contractures
7. Myopathic facies
8. Calf hypertrophy
Describe spinal muscular atrophy
Pathophysiology: loss of motor neurons and progressive muscle wasting.
Cause: loss of SMN1-gene
SMA type 1: never sits, usually death < 2 years old
SMA type 2: never walks
SMA type 3: loss of ambulation late teens
Describe amyotophic lateral sclerosis
Pathophysiology: loss of motor neurons in spinal cord, brain stem and motor cortex
Cause: unknown, multifactorial
Describe hernia nuclei pulposi
Cause: the intervertebral disc bulges out and compresses the nerve root
- Motor and sensory signs
- Numbness, tingling, paresthesia, and motor changes such as muscular weakness, paralysis and affection of reflexes
Describe Guillain Barre syndrome
Pathophysiology: auto-immune disorder where myelin and sometimes the axon are attacked by the immune-system.
- Ascending weakness of legs, arms en respiratory muscles
- Pain and dysesthesia in hands, legs and facial area
- Bladder dysfuction, blood pressure instability
(Incomplete) recovery within 2 years.
Describe neuralgic amyotrophy
Pathophysiology: auto-immune disorder which affects the brachial or lumbosacral plexus.
- Rapid atrophy and paresis
- Periscapular paresis leads to impaired biomechanics of shoulder joint
Partial recovery in months-years.
Describe carpal tunnel syndrome
Cause: median nerve entrapment at the carpal tunnel
- pain and tingling in dig. I-III of the hand
- weakness of thumb abduction
- when severe: atrophy of thenar eminence
Treatment:
- steroids
- surgical procedure
Describe myasthenia gravis
Pathophysiology: antibodies agains post-synaptic receptors
- weakness
- generalized or oculobulbar
Treatement:
- acetylcholine exterase inhibitors
- steroids of other immune-modulation
Describe duchenne muscular dystrophy
Pathophysiology: Genetic defect on X-chromosome causes loss of functional dystrophin protein
- Generalized progressive muscle weakness
- First symptoms at age 3, wheelchair dependent age 10, ventilation dependent age 20
Describe different steps of neuromuscular disease diagnostics
2. Physical examination
3. Blood testing
4. Cerebrospinal fluid testing
5. Urine testing
6. Electrodiagnosis: nerve conduction studies and needle electromyography
7. Muscle imaging
8. Histology
9. Genetics/DNA
Try our study magic for free
a PDF, study it super fast
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- AI makes unlimited flashcards
- Get unlimited quizzes and tests
- Ask AI anything
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- Have and keep perfect overview
- Make flashcards, notes and mind maps
- Review, test and score!
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
