ADHD - ADHD: a historical neuropsychological perspective
11 important questions on ADHD - ADHD: a historical neuropsychological perspective
International classification system
- The WHO has the ICD, but used the term "hyperkinetic disorder" until recently
- ICD-10-CM is now more in line with the DSM-V
- ICD-10-CM has an age of onset of 7, and ADHD cannot be accompanied by other disorders
- this gives the ICD-10-CM lower diagnostic rates
Consensus statements and practical guidelines
- the disorder remained controversial tilll the 1990s, even after the start of medication
- there is remaining beliefs that the disorder does not exist
- the AACAP, NICE, and AAP created guidelines
- medication is a second line of treatment in children with mild to moderate symptoms
ADHD and executive functions
- failure of exucutive functioning, secondary to presumed anomalies in the (pre)frontalstratial brain circuitry, modulated by the expression of catecholamines
- Barkley: a failure of self-control systems with behavioral inhibition as the core
- four functions: working memory, self-regulation of affect-motivation-arrousal, internalization of speech, and reconstruction
- inhibition was a primary deficit
- secundary EF impairments led to motor deficits
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
Cognitive energetic models
- based on the information processing model of joseph sergeant and colleagues
- ADHD is a product of energetic (bottom-up) systems involving arousal, activation and effort, and cognitive (Top-down) executive control systems that limit the expression of energetic stated like an inverted U, allowing for other EF functions to moderate output
- in contrast to Barkleys model, the cognitive energetic model alows for subxortical anomalies to be the primary manifestation of ADHD
Motivation and delay aversion
- based on the influence of reward systems in the brain
- preference for "smaller sooner" over "larger later" rewards
- incorporates EF and dorsal-frontostratial circuitry
- dual-pathway model recognises influence from a second reward system, and sensitivity to rewards
- a third pathway is suggested, involving temporal processing deficits manifested in difficulties with time and timing, reproduction and motor synchronization
Sluggish cognitive tempo
- sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT)
- lethargy, daydreaming, confusion, drowsiness
- three core symptoms: lethargy, underactivity, slowness
- these core symptoms are different from inattention associated with ADHD and are hypnothesized to be a function of earlier selective attention processes
Multimodal treatment study of children with ADHD (MTA)
- four treatment strategies: medication, psychosocial treatment, combined (medication and psychosocial treatment), and community control
- medication and combined showed greatest improvement
- psychosocial treatment and community control showed less improvement but showed the same improvement (more intense psychosocial treatment may have been necessary)
- after 24 months, the combined treatment showed better effects compared to the medication, and showed growth-related side effects in comorbidities and family related processes
Preschool ADHD treatment study (PATS)
- large trial to study the effects of MPH on preschoolers
- side effects were less than in the MTA and side-effects like a slower growth rate were more common
- a 6 year follow up showed stability of the symptoms despite the ongoing medication
Genes environment and ADHD
- genetic component with a heritability of 70-80%
- first degree relatives have a 5-10 fold risk of developing the symptoms
- most likely deficits in the dopamine or other neurotransmitters
- COMT gene - associated with degradation of prefrontal dopamine
- ADHD is associated with multiple genes
ADHD and learning disabilities
- comorbidity with dyslexia
- high rate of learning disorders
- more problems arise when children go from "learning to read" to "reading to learn" because this increases demands for Ef
ADHD and motor control
- overflow movements - unconsiously produced concomitant movements
- exists in children, but symptoms diminish till disappearance during the first decade of life in healthy children
- overflow movements persist in children with ADHD
- difficulty to meet normal movement milestones in children with ADHD (ability to hop on 1 foot is a predictor at age 4 for hyperactivity at age 7)
Try our study magic for free
a PDF, study it super fast
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- AI makes unlimited flashcards
- Get unlimited quizzes and tests
- Ask AI anything
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- Have and keep perfect overview
- Make flashcards, notes and mind maps
- Review, test and score!
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
