working memory deficits may exist in non-comorbid TS patients as indicated by the forward digit span visual and visuospatial working memory could be impaired in children with TS as indicated by the 8-box task, but not in other tasks, comorbid ADHD may be the cause for the impairment in the 8-box task working memory is generally intact in children and adults with TS, but severity and comorbid disorders may explain different findings

normal performence in children with TS

no widespread impairments suggestions of deficits in nonverbal memory

conflicted findings regarding the motor skills of subjects with TS discrepancies may be caused by comorbidities and medication, since medication can influence motor skill performance. Children with TS showed shorter movements which may indicate an urge to move, and this is consistent with reported impulsivity

no significant deficit found in children with TS with the tower of london/hanoi comorbid disorders may decrease performance in the tasks all small test groups normal skills in adults with TS clinical questionnaires often report different organizational planning in TS

social responsiveness is impaired, but impairments may be because of specific tics mild deficit in generating and rating solution aimed at resolving tricky social situations small differences in interpretation of facial expressions intact emotional self-disclosure use emotion suppression strategy more than controls small deficit in children with TS in taking others perspective

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Tourette's - A review of the neuropsychological dimensions of Tourette syndrome

20 important questions on Tourette's - A review of the neuropsychological dimensions of Tourette syndrome

Introduction: towards a distinctive neuropsychological profile of TS

there is need for a disentanglement of TS and comorbidities
ADHD and OCD are reoprted in 20% of TS patients, but the number may be larger.
an influence to the results of neuropsychological studies are

TS: intellectual abilities

global lower IQ of 12 points but very heterogeneous
lower verbal comprehension, and performance
different findings in the IQ score for subjects with TS and OCD or ADHD. some note higher IQ scores, and others lower scores. This may be due to the use of different IQ assessment methods
early onset of tics is associated with a lower IQ
little is known about the intellectual abilities in adults with TS

TS: orienting and shifting attention

dichotic listening task, TS and controls did not differ in shifting attention to right ear
performance decreased when shifting to left ear in TS, suggesting altered corpus callosum functioning in TS

TS: selective attention

orienting and selective attention use different brain regions
in D2 letter cancellation task, TS performed slower but more accurate
studies suggest possibly impaired error monitoring or processing speed

TS: Sustained attention

is associated with poorer tic suppression skills
sustained attention deficits are common in TS, mainly as omission errors and longer CPT reaction times
ADHD and OCD may be important confounding factor, TS+ADHD made more omission errors, but some attention deficits may be inherent to TS
impairments in adults with TS were found in highly demanding tasks

TS: attention capacities of TS patients

slight impairments in attentional capabilities, but may be caused by tics, or effort used to inhibit tics
intact attentional performance was often reported in patients without ADHD
TS+ADHD comes with marked impairments in attentional capabilities
deficits in sustained attention may be a marker of TS+OCD

TS: working memory

working memory deficits may exist in non-comorbid TS patients as indicated by the forward digit span
visual and visuospatial working memory could be impaired in children with TS as indicated by the 8-box task, but not in other tasks, comorbid ADHD may be the cause for the impairment in the 8-box task
working memory is generally intact in children and adults with TS, but severity and comorbid disorders may explain different findings

TS: long-term verbal and nonverbal memory

nonverbal memory deficit could be present in TS, which might be related to more general right hemisphere dysfunction.
there is not enough data to draw a conclusion for long-term verbal memory

TS: recognition memory

impaired memory processing for nonverbal material with intact verbal memory
impaired performance in spatial recognition memory in children

TS: implicit memory

normal performence in children with TS

TS: global memory

no widespread impairments
suggestions of deficits in nonverbal memory

TS: motor skills

conflicted findings regarding the motor skills of subjects with TS
discrepancies may be caused by comorbidities and medication, since medication can influence motor skill performance.
Children with TS showed shorter movements which may indicate an urge to move, and this is consistent with reported impulsivity

TS: Visual motor integration and visuoconstructive abilities

visuomotor skills may exist in a small subset of the TS population
discrepancies exist in the visuoconstructive abilities as normal and impaired performance has been found.
motor dysfunctions (tics) are not related to visuoconstruction

TS: expressive language and speech

categorical fluency is intact in pure TS, but TS symptoms are a good predictor of verbal fluency
phonological and morphological processing seems intact in TS Patients
slight impairments in speech fluency exist in patients with TS

TS: language comprehension

impairments have been found in nonliteral remarks like sarcasm and metaphors
impairments were only found in the more subtle indirect-sarcasm
impairments may also emerge from deficits in social cognition

TS: cognitive flexibility

no difference in cognitive flexibility when controlled for comorbid disorders
tested with TMT and WCST
comorbid OCD impairs cognitive flexibility, but ADHD could be problematic in some instances as well.
deficits may appear if the task complexity increases

TS: Planning skills

no significant deficit found in children with TS with the tower of london/hanoi
comorbid disorders may decrease performance in the tasks
all small test groups

normal skills in adults with TS

clinical questionnaires often report different organizational planning in TS

TS: extent of EF impairment in TS

impairments are specific instead of widespread
most impairments in inhibition and cognitive flexibility

TS: social cognition

social responsiveness is impaired, but impairments may be because of specific tics
mild deficit in generating and rating solution aimed at resolving tricky social situations
small differences in interpretation of facial expressions
intact emotional self-disclosure
use emotion suppression strategy more than controls
small deficit in children with TS in taking others perspective

TS: learning difficulties

if disabilities exist, then difficulty with mathematics and written language
not clear if school problems emerge from TS itself or an associated learning disorder.

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Tourette's - A review of the neuropsychological dimensions of Tourette syndrome

20 important questions on Tourette's - A review of the neuropsychological dimensions of Tourette syndrome

Introduction: towards a distinctive neuropsychological profile of TS

TS: intellectual abilities

TS: orienting and shifting attention

TS: selective attention

TS: Sustained attention

TS: attention capacities of TS patients

TS: working memory

TS: long-term verbal and nonverbal memory

TS: recognition memory

TS: implicit memory

TS: global memory

TS: motor skills

TS: Visual motor integration and visuoconstructive abilities

TS: expressive language and speech

TS: language comprehension

TS: cognitive flexibility

TS: Planning skills

TS: extent of EF impairment in TS

TS: social cognition

TS: learning difficulties

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