Read the summary and the most important questions on Nutrition and Cancer

• 1 Week 1

• 1.1 Introduction

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• What major cancers worldwide new cases are there per year

  1. Lung
     
  2. Breast cancer
  3. Colorectal 
  4. Prostate

  
  
  18.1 million new patients per year in the world (2018)

• What are the cancer-related deaths? And which cancers

  9.6 million in 2018
  

  1. Lung 
  2. Colorectum 
  3. Stomach 
  4. Liver
  5. Breast

• How many patients are alive that were diagnosed with cancer in the previous 5 year? And which cancers?

  43.8 million people 
  

  1. Breast 
  2. Colorectum 
  3. Prostate
  4. Lung 

• How does the environment plays a role in cancer development?

  • Smoking
    
  • Radiation 
  • Chemicals
  • Viruses
  • Sunbathing
  • Hormones

• 1.2 Hallmarks of cancer

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• Accumulation of (epi)genetic changesPicture

  
  Thus…
  

  • Tumorigenesis is a multi-step process
  • Multiple (epi)genetic alterations are required
  • Development over many years
  • Cancer cells less responsive to regulatory circuits of cellular proliferation and cell death

• What is part of the cell cycle?

  Proliferation 
  Differentiation 
  Replication 
  

• What is chronic proliferation: growth factors?

  • A growth factor can bind to a growth factor receptor on the membrane
    
  • After binding different processes can take place
  • Phosphorylation, a phosphate group is added to the receptor, which lead to a change in the structure of the receptor
  • This can lead to a signal to the nucleus, which can lead to proliferation

• What is the epidermal growth factor (receptor)

  • There is a mutation in the receptor
    
  • Which means that the receptor is always active
  • And proliferation is always stimulated

  
  

• What is the Retinoblastoma-associated (RB) protein?

  There is no stop signal and the cycle will go one and go on 
  
  

  1. Cdk1/cyclin B initiates mitosis
  2. Mitotic activators stimulate the synthesis of cyclin D
  3. Cyclins D and E and Cdk4 and Cdk2 phosphorylate RB, inactivating it
  4. Once R (restriction point) is passed, the cell cycle proceeds
  5. Cdk2/cyclin A stimulates dNA replication 

  
  
  

• What is the tumour protein 53?

  It is a damage sensor. In cancer cells the p53 is possibly inactivated, so cellular responses are ignored. 
  
  the p53 is receiving
  

  • DNA damage
  • Activated oncogenes
  • Hypoxia
  • Ribonucleotide depletion 
  • Telomere erosion 

  
  the p53 is delivering
  

  • Apoptosis
  • Cell-cycle arrest
  • DNA repair
  • Differentiation 
  • Senescence