Read the summary and the most important questions on Nutrition and Health: Macronutrients and Overnutrition

• 1 Basic principles

• 1.2 Study designs

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• What are the methods for dietary assessment?

  • Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ)
  • 24h dietary recall
  • Food diary/Food record 

• 1.3 Alimentary tract

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• What are the functions of the alimentary tract?

  • digestion of foods into basic components
  • absorption of basic components in the body

• 2 Carbohydrates

• 2.2 Chemistry of carbohydrates

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• What are forms of soluble fiber?

  • pectin
  • hemicellulose 
  • fructans 

• What are forms of insoluble fiber?

  • cellulose 
  • lignins
  • hemicellulose 
  • resistant starches 

• 2.5 Carbohydrate metabolism

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• What is the glucose metabolism?

  1. Intake of carbohydrates. 
  2. Increase in blood glucose level, 
  3. Release of insulin. 
  4. Decrease in blood glucose level. 
  5. Release of glucagon. 
  6. Maintenance of blood glucose level. 

• How is glucose converted to ATP?

  1. Uptake by GLUT transporters. 
  2. Glycolysis --> pyrovate. 
  3. Pyrovate --> acetyl Co-A. 
  4. Oxidation of acetyl Co-A by TCA. 
  5. NADH --> ATP. 

• 4 Lipids

• 4.5 Lipid metabolism

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• How are lipids converted to ATP?

  1. Beta-oxidation = shortening of fatty acid into Acetyl-CoA.
  2. Citricacidcycle (TCA) = oxidation of Acetyl-CoA.
  3. Energy stored in NADH (FADH2). 
  4. Electrontransportchain --> ATP.

• Where is cholesterol used for in the body?

  • bile acid 
  • hormones 
  • cell membranes

• 4.6 Fat tissue

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• What are the roles of the adipose tissues?

  • heat insulation
  • energy storage
  • endocrine function 

• 5 Lipids and health

• 5.2 Cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis

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• What are forms of vascular diseases?

  • cardiovascular disease (CVD)
    
  • coronary heart disease (CHD)
  • atherosclerosis