Read the summary and the most important questions on nutrition and health: macronutrients, energy and health

• 1.2 alimentary tract

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• Secretie small intestines

  Small intestine: Enzymes (disaccharidases > koolhydraten, peptidases > eiwitten), bicarbonate

• small intestine cell types

  Entero-endocrine cells -> hormones (endocrine) produced by the intestine (entero)

• Duodenum site of food digestion

  Duodenum -> twaalfvingerige darm
   Site of food digestion:
        o Place where digestive juices from the pancreas and the bile produced in the liver enter the alimentary tract
        o digestive juices entering the duodenum contain a lot of bicarbonate that serves to neutralize the acid food bolus entering from the stomach to allow food digestion to continue

• crypts: valley-like structures between the villi van darm

   harbor stem cells, which give rise to new enterocytes, Goblet cells and entero-endocrine cells -> rise from the bottom of the crypts to the top of the villi -> released into the lumen.  Stem cell activity dependents on interaction with adjacent Paneth cells.

• Nutrient absorption: darm

   Enterocyte absorbs nutrients -> nutrients transported into the outgoing capillary -> nutrients transport via the blood to different parts of the body  Absorbed fats -> into lacteals (small lymphatic vessels within the villi) -> lacteals collect into larger mesenteric lymph ducts -> mesenteric lymph ducts collect into a large thoracic duct (which runs parallel to the aorta) -> content of the thoracic duct drains into the circulation at the subclavian vein (near the heart) -> nutrients transport via the blood (portal system) to different parts of the body

• Colon / large instestine > function

   mainly water absorption from remaining indigestible food matter  pathway for fecal waste material  fermentation of dietary fiber by gut microbiota  host to gut microbiome

• 2.1 carbohydrates

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• Carbohydrates: Compounds with the chemical formula

  (C H2O)n

• Fiber > Soluble (viscous): heterogenous group

   -   ~ 2kcal/g soluble fiber
   - Increases fecal weight -> increase stool volume -> increase motility of colon -> improves bowel movement -> prevents/solves constipation
    - Examples: pectin, certain hemicellulose, frunctans

• Fiber > Insoluble (non-viscous):

  - Less fermentable
   - Stimulate peristaltic movements of intestine
   - Retain water in stool
  - 0 kcal/g insoluble fiber 
  - examples: cellulose, ligins, many hemicellulose, resistant starches

• High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)

  o High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS): mixture of glucose and fructose in water  Originated from corn  HFCS 55 is composed of 55% fructose and 45% glucose  Common types:  HFCS 55: used in softdrinks  HFCS 42: used in beverages, processed foods, cereals, and baked goods  HFFCS 90 mainly used to blend with HFCS 42 to make HFCS 55