L5b Gut-brain axis: gut side
39 important questions on L5b Gut-brain axis: gut side
What is dysbiosis and how does it work?
it can cause reduction in the mucus layer
What is a leaky gut?
tight junction is 'gone'
What is the ratio between the number of host cells and the total number of bacteria in the human body?
- 1 : 0.5
- 1 : 1
- 1 : 1.3
- 1 : 100
At first instance researchers expected a ratio of 1 : 10 but according to the current idea the ratio between host cells and bacteria is 1 : ±1.5
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Anthonie van Leeuwenhoek is considered as "the father of microbiology" since he discovered Archea, Eukaryota and bacteria (TRUE/FALSE)
Anthonie van Leewenhoek is indeed considered as "the water of microbiology", but he only discovered bacteria not the 3 other kingdoms
What caused the major breakthrough regarding insight in the gut microbiota composition during the last decade?
- Antonie van Leewenhoek's microscopic discovery of bacteria
- Discovery of new types of antibiotics
- New anaerobic culturing techniques
- New sequencing methods
What are the two major phyla dominating the the gut microbiota community of a healthy individual?
- Actinobacteria and Firmicutes
- Akkermansia and Bifidobacteria
- Akkermansia and Firmicutes
- Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes
Which statement is correct
- Dysbiosis is the situation during early life when the microbiota community is under development in the gut of the new-born
- Dysbiosis is the situation in ageing subjects when the total number of microbes in the intestine is decreasing
- Dysbiosis is the condition when the normal microbiota composition is disturbed in favour of potential pathogenic bacteria and at the expense of normal commensals
- Dysbiosis is the situation in obese individuals whereby the relative abundance of commensals is affected due to the high BMI
- Dysbiosis is the condition when the normal microbiota composition is disturbed in favour of potential pathogenic bacteria and at the expense of normal commensals
Clostridia, Roseburia, Lactobacillus, Prausnitzii, Prevotella and Desulfovibrio represent:
- Different kingdoms inhabiting the intestine
- Different phyla inhabiting the intestine
- Different families of bacteria inhabiting the intestine
- Different genera/species inhabiting the intestine
What are the roles of the afferent signalling pathway
- Macro and micronutrients
- provide brain with bilding blocks and energy
- Gut hormones
- can regulate satiety in the brain
- Microbiota-derived metabolites
- can have positive and negative effect
- Cytokines
- inflammation and leaky gut
What are the effects of a healthy and unhealthy diet on intestinal health
- SCFAs
- enhanced mucus secretion
- increased antimicrobial peptides
- lower oxygen
- upregulated tight junctions
Unhealthy
- toxic metabolites, BCFAs
- toxic bile acids
- enhanced mucus degradation
- reduced antimicrobial peptides
- higher oxygen
- down regulated tight junctions
What can be said about the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates
- Simple and easily digestible in human small intestine
- Non-digestible in small intestine, but are likely to be fermented in the large bowel
- (complete) fermentable
- partial or poorly fermentable
All sorts of beneficial effects are induced by dietary fibre, which ones
- inreed neurogenesis
- improved cognitive development
- improved memory 'anti-aging' effect
- development and function
- induced homeostatic profile
- reduced inflammatory signalling
- reduced inflammatory signalling
- improved integrity
- reduced permeability
Which products are high in polyphenols and what are the beneficial effects of polyphenols?
- on immune system
- on anti-inflammatory
- on prebiotic
- on epithelium
How many different phyla are known so far and how many of them are frequently found in the human intestine? The ratio between known versus found phyla is:
- 50 : 6
- 500-1000 : 50
- 500-1000 : 6
- 50 : 3
What is NOT a feature of the pathogenic bacteria living in our gut?
- Causing diarrhoea and constipation
- Production of carcinogens
- Causing inflammation
- Causing sepsis
- Causing liver damage
- Convert pro-drugs to active metabolites
Conversion of pro-drugs to active metabolites is not a feature of the pathogens but of the commensal bacteria
What is the genetic similarity between for instance Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli?
- ±v90%
- ±b75%
- ±40%
- ±25%
Traveling from America to Asia can cause a major switch in the gut microbiota, however, this effect is in general reversible when you are healthy (TRUE/FALSE)
The effects induced by traveling are reversible which does not mean that you end up with an exactly identically composition as prior to the trip
An ideal gut microbiota composition consists out of:
the commensals will control the potential pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, since cross-feeding is an important feature bacteria need other species to survive
How many different bacteria are at least required to allow butyrate synthesis in the gut?
You need both a lactate and an acetate producer to generate substrates for butyrate synthesizing bacteria so you need at least three different types of bacteria
The MOCIA study; What will be done in the intervention looking at the shit, four parts will be looked at, which ones
- Microbiota composition analysis --> 16S rRNA sequencing
- Microbiota-derived bioactive compounds
- untargeted approach: LCMS
- targeted approach: SCFAs, serotonin, tryptophan, etc,
- General markers: water content, pH, redox potential
- Faecal biomarkers --> reflecting the health states of the colon
The MOCIA study; What will be done in the intervention looking at the blood, four parts will be looked at, which ones
- Gut integrity markers (iFABP, ZO-1, LPS, LBP, etc)
- Immune markers: plasma concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines
- Metabolic markers: glucose and lipid metabolism
- Validation microbiota-derived metabolites
What is the most commonly used material to determine the microbiota composition?
- Microbiota-derived bioactive compounds
- Bacterial DNA
- Bacterial 16S Ribosomal RNA
- Living microbiota for culturing under anaerobic conditions
Next generation sequencing has a major advantage compared to previous sequencing techniques, what is the advantage?
In new-borns the microbiota regulate
- Breakdown of milk oligosaccharides
- Stimulate the development of the immune system
- Protection against harmful bacteria
- All these three answers are correct
- Breakdown of milk oligosaccharides
- Stimulate the development of the immune system
- Protection against harmful bacteria
Which statement is true concerning the microbiome for children born via caesarean section or vaginal birth?
- Children born via either Caesarean section or vaginal birth have about the same microbiota composition during the first 3 years of life
- Caesarean section is beneficial for microbiota development in new-born
- Vaginal delivery is beneficial for microbiota development in the new-born
What can be the effect of antibiotic use by the mother during labour?
- Less pathogenic bacteria in the child
- Less commensal bacteria in the child
- Increased risk on allergy in the child
Reduced levels of certain bacteria contribute to Asthma, which bacteria do NOT contribute?
- Rothia
- Faecallibacterium
- Lachnospira
- Akkermansia
- Velillonella
Children receiving breast-milk probably have a decreased risk on developing obesity compared to children receiving infant formula (TRUE/FALSE)
Some factors reduce the risk on the development of allergies, which factor causes the strongest decrease?
- Having one or more dogs
- Having one or more cats
- Home cleaning with disinfectant cleaners at least once a weak
- Mother having a job outside the house
What is the current hypothesis about the number of microbiota-derived metabolites present in the colonic lumen of a healthy adult?
Which statement is correct
- MAMPs are the fermentation product of dietary fibers
- MAMPs have an anti-inflammatory effect
- MAMPs are components of the bacterial wall
- MAMPs are precursor compounds for vitamin synthesis
Which statement is correct
- Histamine and serotonin are the fermentation product of dietary fibers
- Histamine and serotonin have a pro-inflammatory effect
- Histamine and serotonin are components of the bacterial wall
- Histamine and serotonin are biogenic amines that signal to the brain
Vitamins synthesised by gut microbiota are?
What is the ratio human versus bacterial genes in the human body?
Which of the factors/conditions mentioned below are found in the gut when a healthy diet is consumed?
- SCFAs
- BSCFs
- Mucus-degrading bacteria
- Pro-inflammatory cytokines
- Higher levels of AMPs
- High tight junction levels
- Presence of facultative anaerobic bacteria
- SCFAs
- Higher levels of AMPs
- High tight junction levels
What is important for brain development during early life?
Soybean products are rich in?
Which activity is NOT a feature of polyphenols?
- Anti-inflammatory
- Stimulating the immune system
- Probiotic
- Prebiotic
- Anti-oxidant
Polyphenols do not contain healthy promoting bacteria
Elderly will benefit form diet enriched in?
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