L5a Gut-brain axis: gut side
36 important questions on L5a Gut-brain axis: gut side
What are the 3 main things that are important for the uptake in the small intestine?
- Bioavailability
- Food processing
- Chemical structure
What is the role of the small intestine on the gut-brain axis in the afferent signalling pathway?
- Providing the brain with nutrients
- Hormone signalling regulating satiety
What are the risk factors of optimal brain development early in life? And what are the outcomes and the mechanisms behind it?
- Macronutrient deficiency
- Protein (e.g. Tryptophan)
- Lipids (e.g. Cholesterol)
- Carbohydrates (e.g. Glucose)
- Micronutrient deficiency
- Iron
- Zinc
- Folate
- Externalizing behavior
- Aggression
- ADHD
- Internalizing behavior
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Autism
- Schrizophrenia
- Impaired brain development
- reduced brain volume
- abnormal brain structures
- Signaling molecule imbalance
- Abnormal neurotransmitter levels
- dopamine
- serotonin
- changes in growth factors
- BDNF
- Neurotoxicity
- Heavy metals
- lead
- copper
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Name an example of a micronutrient-related neurological disorder
Folic acid supplement intake before and during the first phase of pregnancy can prevent spina bifida
Individual age-related factors affecting macronutrient digestion in the small intestine are?
- Lowered peristaltic movements
- Reduced proteolytic enzymes levels to 50%
- Reduced lipase levels to higher pH (6.5)
- Longer transit time (3hr)
- Lowered bile
Which gut brain axis signals does the small intestine use?
- GLP1
- CCK
- PYY3-36
These signals are sent to the hypothalamus, or via the vagal nerve or via the blood stream
Only the small and large intestine contribute to brain-health but the other organs of the GI tract do not play a role (TRUE/FALSE)
The other organs of the GI tract are essential for proper digestion of foods and are therefore also important for brain health so therefore this statement is false
Food fermentation by bacteria is important for food digestion and absorption in the small intestine (TRUE/FALSE)
Degradation by host enzymes dominates the digestion process in the small intestine
During which period(s) in life is the brain most vulnerable for defects in the absorption of nutrient by the small intestine?
- In adults
- During pregnancy
- In adults and during pregnancy
- In adults and in early life
- In adults and during ageing
- In adults, during early life and in the elderly
- During early life and in the elderly
- During pregnancy and in the elderly
The fist 1000 days ( so pregnancy and the post-natal period) and during ageing when the body becomes vulnerable are the most sensitive periods
Which answer does NOT represent a mechanistic pathway via which macro- and micronutrient deficiencies can results in psychopathology?
- Reduced brain volume
- Abnormal neurotransmitter level
- Changes in neuronal growth factors like BNDF
- Increased brain volume
reduced but not increased brain volume can occur due to nutrient deficiencies
Spina bifida can be prevented by
The small intestine mainly contributes to malnutrition in the elderly by:
- decreased amylase concentrations
- decreased pepsin levels
- reduced proteolytic enzyme levels
- reduced transit time
During ageing there is (in general) a longer transit time in the small intestine. Amylase and pepsin are not produced/excreted by the small intestine so this are defects of the mouth/stomach
The second important afferent signalling pathway in the small intestine mediating the gut-brain cross-talk under healthy conditions is regulated by:
- micronutrients
- gut hormones
- digestive enzymes
- cytokines
Which two forms of immunity are there?
What are the structures mediating the intestinal immune response?
- M-cells
- SED
- Follicle
- TDA
- Mesenteric lymph node
Antimicrobial peptides come from 4 different sources in the intestine, where?
- (1)Paneth cells
- sPLA2
- alfa-HD5/alfa-HD6
- Lysozyme C
- (2)Ephitelial cells
- beta-hBD1-6
- LL-37
- Reg3alfa
- (3)Infiltrating neutrophils
- alfa-HNP1-4
- (4)Healthy microbiota
- Bacteriocins
Which cell types mediates the transport of material over the epithelial barrier via a process called transcytosis
- M-cells
- B-cells
- T-cells
- Paneth cells
Which compound plays an important role in regulating the tolerance for food compounds in the gut
What is an important immunoregulatory function of IL-10 in the gut?
Which cells are in charge to calm the immune response
- M-cells
- T-regs
- B-cells
- Neutrophils
Which cell type can extend dendrites between epithelial cells lining the intestinal wall to sample antigens from the mucus layer that, after degradation, are presented to lymphocytes?
Which cell type is NOT a source of AMPs
- B-cells
- Bacteria
- Paneth cells
- Intestinal epithelial cells
What is the first protective defence of the gastrointestinal tract against pathogenic bacteria?
- The harsh acidic environment of the stomach
- Toxic bile acids
- IgA molecules present in the intestine lumen
- Chemokines immediately attracting immune cells to the bacteria
What are the 4 layers of the intestinal/colonic wall? (from the inside to the outside)
- Mucosa
- =gatekeeper
- Submucosa
- Muscularis (externa)
- Serosa
What are the 3 layers of the mucosa layer of the colon wall?
- Continues lawyer of epithelial cells
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis interna
Which 3 different cell types cover the surface of the crypts?
- Enterocyte ---> absorption
- Enteroendocriene cells ---> synthesis of gut hormones
- Goblet cell ---> mucus production
Transport over the epithelial cell layer can go via two routes, which ones
- using receptors
Paracellular route
- using osmose
What are the components of the intestinal barrier?
- Physical barrier (the epithelium)
- Chemical barrier (mucus layer)
- Microbial barrier (commensal bacteria)
- Immunological barrier (immune cells of the lamina propria)
Which structure is not part of the mucosa?
- Monolayer of epithelial cells
- Lamina propria
- Serosa
- Muscularis interna
Which structure of the intestine is recognised as gatekeeper preventing the invasion od pathogenic bacteria and noxious compounds?
What are the mucus-producing cells of the mono-layer of epithelial cells lining the intestinal wall?
Which cells are NOT located in the epithelial cell layer of the mucosa?
- Paneth cells
- M-cells
- Goblet cells
- B-cells
- Enteroendocrine cells
- Enterocytes
Akkermansia mucinophila is, under healthy conditions, located in the firm inner mucus layer covering the intestinal wall (TRUE/FALSE)
The firm inner mucus layer is sterile in normal healthy conditions
Receptor-mediated transport is an important element regulating the paracellular transport route (TRUE/FALSE)
Receptor-mediated transport of nutrient contributes to the transcellular pathway
Which statement is correct?
- Tight junctions are structures present in the lamina propria
- Tight junctions play an important role in the chemical intestinal barrier
- Tight junctions regulate the paracellular transport
- Tight junctions are contributing to the enter-endocrine signalling pathway
Four-commonly-recognized elements contribute to the intestinal barrier, which of the barriers is NOT one of them?
- Physical barrier
- Microbial barrier
- Neuroendocrine barrier
- Chemical barrier
- Immunological barriere
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