NP4 Energetic conversion of nutrients, ATP
27 important questions on NP4 Energetic conversion of nutrients, ATP
Why do you need nutrient requirement
- To "maintain" the body
- Development, growth, production
- Specific achievements (sports, illness)
- Quality of life (health, life expectancy)
Material or immaterial support of physiological output
The mass flow of nutrients go to ... Aswell as ...
- Immaterial output
- maintenance of (mature) body
- heat, energy (ATP)
- input to waste
- CO2, urea
- Material output
- growing/producing body
- storage TG
- input to product
- muscle/fat
Which energy sources does the following organs use
- Brain
- Skeletal muscle (resting)
- Liver
- Heart
- Brain mainly glucose
- Skeletal muscle mainly fatty acids
- Liver mainly fatty acids
- Heart mainly fatty acids
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
What is needed for the ATP formation?
- ATP formation requires input of energy
- ADP + Pi <-> ATP (33 kJ/mol)
- bond meteen P and ADP
- ATP is universal energy carrier of cells (currency)
ATP : ADP ratio in cell 500 : 1
How many ATP is needed for
- ATP --> ADP + Pi
- ADP --> AMP + Pi
- ATP --> AMP
- ATP --> ADP + Pi
- = 1 ATP
- ADP --> AMP + Pi
- = 1 ATP
- ATP --> AMP
- = 2 ATP
2ADP --> ATP + AMP
Energy in dietary components, 3 forms.
- Gross energy (GE)
- Digestible energy (DE)
- Metabolizable energy (ME)
What are the steps of breakdown of energy
What is the gross energy?
- can be shown by the heat released during combustion (=oxidation)
- outside the body (Bomb Calorimeter)
Gross energy includes all the energy in food product
- it is determined by as the heat liberated upon combustion
- it is not all available to the animal or human
Which two calorimeters are there?
- Bomb calorimeter
- Bio calorimeter
Glucose: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 2816 kJ
What is the digestible energy?
- is the gross energy (GE), but:
- corrected for digestive losses
- but relative to original amount
Digestible energy is the amount of energy that is absorbed
- It is dependent on the digestibility of a food, which is normally considered constant (98% for CHO, 95% for fat, 93% for protein)
What is the digestibility of
- CHO
- FAT
- PROT
- CHO
- faecal loss = 2%
- urinary loss = 0.0 kJ/gram
- FAT
- faecal loss = 5%
- urinary loss = 0.0 kJ/gram
- PROT
- faecal loss = 7%
- urinary loss = 5.2 kJ/gram (, when the GE is 23.6 kJ/gram)
What is metabolizable energy?
- Is the digestible energy (DE)
- corrected for urinary losses
- but relative to original amount
Metabolizable energy is what is left after accounting for energy in feces and urine
- it is what we use to calculate the energetic content of food
What is the GE, DE, ME and kcal/gram for
- CHO
- Fat
- Protein
- CHO
- 17.6 > 17 > 17 >> 4
- Fat
- 39.8 > 38 > 38 >> 9
- Protein
- 23.6 > 21.9 > 17 >> 4
Gross energy
Do cellulose (1), amylose (2), maltose (3) and glucose (4) have the same GE (kJ/gram)
- if not, make a ranking
- do these values hold for both humans and animals?
![]()
- Glucose: 15.6 kJ/gram
- Maltose: 16.47 kJ/gram
- Amylose: 17.4 kJ/gram
- Cellulose: 17.4 kJ/gram
Thus, ranking by GE:
1=2 > 3 > 4
cellulose, amylose > maltose > glucose
Similar for animal and human, GE is the same
What is the activation energy of a chemical reaction?
- In an exothermic reaction, more energy then the activation energy is released when the new bond is formed
- an exothermic reaction proceeds with an output of energy
The production of ATP can go in two ways, which ones.
- Direct: substrate phosphorylation (anaerobic)
- Indirect: Oxidative phosphorylation (aerobic)
Oxidation of nutrients - ATP (ca. 33 kJ/mol)
- ADP + Pi --> ATP
How does the formation of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation goes? [direct]
you need one step to make ATP..?
What is the linkage between ATP utilization and oxidation of metabolic fuels? [indirect]
Give 5 examples of the usage of intracellular ATP
- Endothermic (metabolic) reactions
- Linked to H+ gradient, and cellular transporters
- ABC transporters
- Metabolic trapping
- Protein regulation
What is the role of ATP in endothermic reactions?
- Water can be used
In an endothermic reaction, less energy than the activation energy is released when the new bond is formed
an endothermic reaction requires an input of energy to proceed.
What is the role of ATP in transport of materials across cell membranes, ABC transporters?
ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC-transporter)
- Unphosphorylated carrier protein has closed transport pore
- Phosphorylation of carrier protein opens transport pore
- Transport of substrate causes dephospho rylation of carrier protein and closure of transport pore
What is the role of ATP in transport of materials across cell membranes, metabolic trapping?
What is the role of ATP in endothermic reactions: phosphorylation of the substrate
- it is not a single step
glutamate --ATP--> gamma-glutamyl phosphate --NH4+--> Glutamine
What is the role of ATP in endothermic reactions:: phosphorylation of the enzyme?
Serine ---phosphorylation of enzyme [kinase]-->> phosphoserine ---dephosphorylation of enzyme [phosphatase]-->> serine
What is the role of creatine phosphate in muscle: storage of energy reserves
Conversion of energy
Energetic efficiency.
Glucose --> ATP
How many % 75-66-50-33-25-20 is trapped in ATP?
What is the nomenclature of
- Pyruvic acid
- Acetic acid
- Lactic acid
- alfa-keto-glutaric acid
- Pyruvic acid
- pyruvate
- Acetic acid
- Acetate
- Lactic acid
- Lactate
- alfa-keto-glutaric acid
- alfa-ketoglutarate
Try our study magic for free
a PDF, study it super fast
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- AI makes unlimited flashcards
- Get unlimited quizzes and tests
- Ask AI anything
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- Have and keep perfect overview
- Make flashcards, notes and mind maps
- Review, test and score!
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
