Read the summary and the most important questions on Organization and society

• 1 Organisations in a society

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• There is an interdependence between organizations and society in which maneuvering of organizations in society can be understood as a two way process. In which ways can designers contribute to society?

  By either choosing to incorporate specific societal programs in the organization or by either choosing to incorporate specific programs into society.

• 1.2.1 Globalisation

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• What is Stiglitz view on globalization? Refer to the benefits and drawbacks.

  Benefits: 
  - Free flow of capital and goods
  - Knowledge sharing 
  - Technology 
  
  Drawbacks:   
  - Wealth flow from poor to rich countries
  - Undesirable conditions due to which developing countries cannot develop. 
  - In sum: the developed countries benefit over the developing countries.

• 1.2.2 Capitalism

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• Elaborate on Freeman's view of capitalism.

  
  Freeman  argues organizations should create shared value in order to create win-win situations and benefit from capitalism. In his shareholder perspective, the ethical stance should be considered regarding what's good for society. A free market cannot take care of this. He developed 6 principles:
  1. The principle of stakeholder cooperation
  2. Principle of stakeholder engagement
  3. Stakeholder responsibility; willingness to accept responsibility for the consequences of their actions
  4. Principle of complexity
  5. Continuous creation
  6. Emergent competition

• What's the difference between the ground of principle an the ground of consequence, as argued by Friedman?

  Ground of principle; responsibility questions should be covered by political mechanisms. 
  
  Ground of consequence; question whether corporate executives can discharge social responsibility: how does he know when he's responsible? Managers are an expert in doing business, not in saving the world. 

• 2 The underpinnings of society

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• What is the balancing act as argued by van Staveren?

  This is the balance between how to do good if you have not enough resources; gain economic value AND being meaningful.

• 2.1 Achterberg & Vriens - Concept of incorporation

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• Achterberg & Vriens described four modes of incorporation by which organizations incorporate societal programs into their decision making and premises. Which 2 destinations are made in this model?

  They make a distinction between instrumental (isolating) and responsible/inclusive (integrity) and between incorporation of societal programs and incorporation beyond societal programs. 
  
  Instrumental: incorporation of societal programs because you benefit from it or it gives you costs when you don't do it (costs can also be reputation). 
  
  Responsible/inclusive (integrity); you do societal programs because you think it's the right thing to do. 
  
  Incorporation of societal programs; you stick to what's mandatory/required and you don't do things on your own initiative. 
  
  Incorporation beyond societal programs; you go beyond the mandatory societal programs 

• What are the benefits and limitations of the incorporation model of Achterberg and Vriens?

  Benefits: it's a tool to reflect on complexity of discourse on organization responsibility. It makes a distinction between what we see and what organizations do. So, distinction between intention and action. 
  
  
  Limitation: you're not sure why organizations contribute to the mandatory rules. E.g. Greenwashing. 

• 2.2 Philospohical traditions

• When organizations choose how to incorporate society in their organization (choosing how they select, interpret and integrate) they also make a decision that is underpinned by deeper motivation. Why do organizations have certain underpinnings? (hint; prescriptive and descriptive)

  These underpinnings are the philosophical traditions which are prescriptive and descriptive. It's about what should someone do and what do people believe to be right?

• Why are values and facts intertwined?

  Values and facts are intertwined because in social science, values and interaction influence our understanding of the world. 
  
  "The good life is embedded in social practices"

• 2.2.1 Utilitarianism

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• How do you come to the correct moral decision according to utilitarianism?

  1. Assess the positive consequences 
  2. Assess the negative consequences 
  3. Assess the overall price 
  4. Choose the highest utility (so, choice with the lowest costs).