Read the summary and the most important questions on PAICD Lectures

• 1 Biomedical & psychosocial aspects of chronic disease

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• What is a chronic somatic disease?

  Non-contagious long-term (progressive) diseases, which can be controlled, but for which currently no cure exists, and which cannot be prevented with vaccinations.

• What are unmodifiable and modifiable risk factors for chronic disease?

  1. Genetic predisposition
  2. health behaviours
  3. preventable biomedical factors (weight, blood pressure, cholesterol)  

• Which two main risk factor categories drive the increase in chronic disease?

  1. Unhealthy behaviours: smoking, diet, sedentary lifestyle, no exercise
  2. High blood pressure, cholesterol, overweight

• What are possible emotional reactions towards a chronic illness?

  • Grief: loss of capacity, previous role fulfillment 
  • Depression: helplessness, hopelessness
  • Anger: blaming self-, others, frustration
  • Fear, anxiety: about future, insecurities surrounding the course of the disease 
  • Guilt: self-criticisism, blame 

• Name three specific psychosocial consequences due to a chronic illness.

  1. Stigma
  2. Sexual problems
  3. Body image

• What psychosocial/cultural factors influence the adjustment of an individual to a chronic disease? (individual needs and environmental factors)

  1. SES
     
  2. Cultural values
  3. Social support
  4. Environment (physical, social, political)
  5. personal resources
  6. stage in life (childhood, adolescents)
  7. daily activities
  8. individual needs/goals

• 2 Coronary heart disease

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• What is the problem in coronary artery disease?

  1. Lack of oxygen supply due to ischemia (lack of blood supply)
  2. Narrowing of complete obstruction of the coronary arteries or braches due to artherosclerose

• What are common symptoms of CAD?

  1. Chest pain (angina)
     
  2. Shortness of breath
  3. heaviness, tightness, pain, burning, pressure or squeezing behind the breastbone, arms, neck or jaws
  4. Pain may vary (can also be absent)

• What are characteristics of stable angina pectoris (chest pain?)

  • Due to a blockage there is a limited blood supply to the heart
  • Rises and falls smoothly over a few minutes
  • Rest and medication help
  • Usually precipitated by exertion or emotion 

• What are characteristics of unstable angina pectoris?

  • Caused by complete blockage
    
  • Needs intervention
  • new onset, intensification, during the night, prolonged
  • Can be the onset of a MI (heart attack)