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A snapshot of the summary - Parasitology
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1 Lectures
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1.1 Introduction
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What are facultative and obligate hosts?Fucultative is when the parasite may exist in an free living stage, ibligate is when the parasite cannot survive without its host.
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1.2 Diagnostic challenges
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How do protozoa replicate?Through schizogony/sporogony or binary fission
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What does ASSURED stand for?Affordaple, sensitive, specific, user-friendly, rapid&robust, equipment free, deliverable
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What are limitations of ASSURED?It is focused on test& treat and remote areas, but in other settings other requirements may be as important (eg
reproducibitity for research, counting forhelminths , largethroughput ) -
What are cons of microscopy?Less sensitive (3 samples of 3
days) , species distinction may be difficult, timeconsuming , requires training,observer dependent, multiple procedures with one sample -
How can entamoeba histolytica, giardia lamblia and cryptosporidium parvum be diagnosed? And what are the pro's and cons?1. Microscopy
Pro: available, affordable, mostly specific
Con: more samples, staining procedures
2. Antibody detection
Pro: fast, sensitive
Con: invasive
3. Antigen detection (like pregnancy test)
Pro: fast, sensitive, less training required, reproducible
Con: Only crypto+giardia, relatively expensive, miss other parasites
4. PCR, NAAT
Pro: fast, sensitive, specific, multiplex, high throughput, quality control options, reproducible
Con: need molecular set-up laboratory -
How can malaria be diagnosed and what are pros and cons?1. Microscopy (thick smear with lysed blood, thin smear with fixed and stained blood)
+ Sensitive (thick), species differentiation (thin), quantification, fast
- detection limit, observer&procedure dependent, not fast enough, labourous
2. Antibody detection (serology)
- it takes time to develop antibodies so you might be dead
3. Antigen detection (RDT's used in many areas, fingerprick stick)
+ fast, species differentiation for vivax and falciparum, no training, sensitive when high parasite loed, widely available, inexpensive
- less sensitive for non-falciparum, no counting, deletions in target antigen reported
4 PCR
+ sensitive, specific, quantify, large throughput
- costly, not so fast, availability (now changing) -
How is schistosoma diagnosed and what are pros and cons?1.
Microscopy (reference test, look at eggs as other half stuck in tissue,kato-kats to look at intensity eggs per mg/ml)
+ specific,quantification , available, affordable
- low sensitivity,fluctuation of egg secretion
2.Serology /antibodies (chronic so you stay positive)
+ specific, sensitive, nocross-reactivity with otherhelminths
- no intensity of infection, not for evaluation of treatment
3. Antigen detection
+ non-invasive
- POC-CCA only mansoni and 20 mins reading, UCP-LF CAA laboratory based -
What are 3 requirements for a new diagnostic tool for schistosoma?1. Highly field applicable and user friendly
2. Highly sensitive: case detection for monitoring intervention
3. Detecting active infection (worm load) -
What are CCA and CAA?These are circulating antigens excreted from the parasite gut. They can be found in blood and urine and they are unique for schistosoma.
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The following topics are covered in this summary
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pfemp1, csa, vaccine
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katayama, fever, vaccine
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atp, electrons, reaction
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bone, gametocytes, gametocyte
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metabolism, glycosome, peroxisome
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immune, overcome, surface
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immune, cells, system
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vector, number, biological
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toxoplasmosis, risk, meat
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water, control, risk
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pigs, pig, health
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intestinal, invade, cysticerci
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blood, specificity, sensitivity