Read the summary and the most important questions on Peace and Economy Building

• What are war economies? - Main challenges

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• The classic war economy is the mechanism through which economic resources were dedicated to the preparation for and conduct of war. Through which mechanism do the preparations take place in a classic war economy? 

  • Military-industrial complex. 
    
  • Ministry of Defense. 
    
    - Private military companies. 
    - Production of weapons. 

  
  
  - Considered essential to national defence. 
  - Ensured in international law and relations. 

• Classic or irregular war economy? What is an irregular war economy? 

  • An economy that continues in conflict zones both despite and because of the violence. 
    

  
  
  - The dominant form of warfare today, irregular warfare, is often sustained by the informal and illicit markets that form these economies. 

• Who benefits from an irregular war economy? 

  • Regime elites and non-state armed groups. 
    
    
  • Households because of jobs and livelihoods. 

• Describe the characteristics of a Zone of Contention (Twistgebied): 

  • Insurgents (opstandelingen) are vulnerable to law enforcement. 
    
    
  • Effective state. 

• Describe the characteristics of a Zone of expansion: 

  • Better supporting infrastructure,
    a more consistent physical presence. 
    
    
  • Established level of control. 
    
    
  • Longer-term profit. 

• Describe the characteristics of Zone of control: 

  • Physical control of the territory. 
    
    
  • De facto government. 
    
    
  • Enforcer of law and order. 
    
    
  • Capture. 

• Name 4 actions of conflict financing in a Zone of Contention:

  Predatory acts (quick returns) (roofacties) 
  
  

  • Hit-and-run. 
    
    
  • Looting. 
    
    
  • Armed robberies. 
    
    
  • Kidnapping for ransom. > Short term profit horizon. 

• Name 3 actions of conflict financing in a Zone of expansion:

  • Informal trade duties (e.g. Checkpoints). 
    
    
  • Employment rackets (Arbeidsreceptoren). 
    
    
  • Revolutionary taxation > Longer-term profit horizon. 

• Name 6 actions of conflict financing in a Zone of Control:

  Symbiotic financing 
  
  

  • Provision of goods and services to legitimate society. 
  • Via smuggling and the provision of illegal consumer goods. 
  • Land (agriculture). 
  • Resources (minerals, timber). 
  • People (soldiers, labour taxation). 
  • Roads and borders (taxation) > Long term profit horizon. 

• ISIS

• Name four sources of income for ISIS:

  
  

  1. Control of oil and gas reservoirs.
  2. Bank looting, extortion, and human trafficking.
  3. Other resource extraction and production facilities.
  4. Extorting agriculture.
  5. Cultural artefacts.