Action 2: Structure
43 important questions on Action 2: Structure
Connections from cortex to brainstem go to the nuclei of?
- Nuclei of cranial nerves (head & eye movements)
What do de-efferented animals do? What is an example of this in humans?
- Reflexes remain
- In humans: locked in syndrome
What do de-afferented animals do?
- Still accurate actions
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What does the Central Pattern Generator do?
- Completely autonomous in the spinal cord.
What information does the Central Pattern Generator receive?
Proprioceptive feedback (Bottom-Up)
What can a de-cerebrated cat still do?
What connection in the spinal cord are reflexes?
How does the Golgi Tendon Reflex work?
How does the Withdrawal reflex work?
How does the Knee reflex work?
- Also inhibition of antagonist muscle
What is the crossed extensor reflex?
- Right leg does the other way (to straighten leg: Right extensor contracts, Flexor relaxes
What is the final stage in the spinal cord?
When are Alpha motorneurons involved in action?
- Irrespective of signal source
- Irrespective of signal target
How to Alpha Motorneurons work?
What types of muscles are there (function)?
Agonist/Antagonist
How is M1 organised?
Lateral Corticospinal tracts control
Medial Corticospinal Tracts control:
- Posture, Balance, Tonus
What are corticospinal tracts also called & why?
Where do axons of M1 go? And dendrites?
Dendrites: Lower Motor Neurons
What goal does M1 serve?
- Goal-directed behaviour
How do neurons in M1 encode for a specific direction?
- Ensembles of motor neurons encode for desired direction
- Populations of neurons have their own preferential direction
How can motor neurons in M1 be used in prosthetics?
What is the role of the cerebellum in motor action? Where does it connect to?
- Interneurons in the spinal cord
- Brainstem nuclei
- Motor / Premotor cortex (cortico-subcortical loop)
What are the 3 cerebellar systems and their functions?
- Spinocerebellum: Fine-tuning (precise & flexible control of limbs/effectors)
- Neocerebellum: Planning of movements (Finger-to-nose)
What is the role of Basal Ganglia in motor control?
- Selection
- Initiation
- Prevention of action
What does the Basal Ganglia output to?
- Thalamus
- Motor cortex
What does the direct route (D1) of the basal ganglia do?
What are modulators in the basal ganglia?
- Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)
What is the Hyperdirect route in the Basal Ganglia? What does it do?
PFC --> STN --> GPi --> Thalamus --> Inhibition of action
What (besides anatomy) is the difference between supplementary motor complex (SMC) and premotor cortex (PMC)?
PMC: Organisation of externally guided action
Supplementary Motor Complex (SMC) gets input from?
- Basal Ganglia (BG)
What do the different area's of the Supplementary Motor Complex (SMC) output to?
- pre(SMA): outputs to: M1, Basal Ganglia, Spinal Cord
Premotor Cortex gets input from? And outputs to?
Output to: M1, Basal Ganglia (BG) & Spinal Cord
What does the Premotor Cortex have in common with M1?
- Both also fire in anticipation of movement
PMC: Encodes for multiple actions untill a selection has to be made
What role does the (medial) Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) play in motor control?
Posterior Parietal Cortex (PPC) gets input from? And output to?
Output: Premotor Cortex (PMC) & Spinal Cord
What is special about the activation of Posterior Parietal Cortex's position?
What role does the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) play in motor control?
- Prioritising actions
- Focus: action goals in mind
- Flexibility: Switching between action goals
What role does the Inferior Frontal Gyrus play in action control?
- Action inhibition: selectively suppressing unwanted/inappropriate actions
Inferior Frontal Gyrus: What input? What output?
Output: DLPFC, M1, Basal Ganglia (NOODREM; striatum & STN)
What is the role of Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) in motor control?
- What action leads to reinforcement?
- Is an action worth the effort given the expected reward?
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC): Output & Input?
Output: Everywhere
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