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• 1 Theme A + B

• 1.1 Anatomy urinary system

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• What are the essential functions of the kidneys?

  • Conserve body fluid and electrolytes and reomve metabolic waste
  • Regulate water- and electrolyte balance, tissue osmolality, BP, acid-base balance
  • Function also as an endocrine organ: synthesis and secretion of erythropoietin (bone marrow erythropoiesis) and renin (blood pressure) and activation of vitamin D (Ca2+ metabolism)  

• Where are the kidneys located in the body?

  In the upper abdomen, retroperitoneal

• The kidney is surrounded by fat, how many layers?

  2 layers of fat:
  -  perinephric fat
  - renal fascia (membranous layer)
  - paranephric fat

• What is the function of the fat layers that surround the kidneys?

  Keep them in place

• What is the name of the vein that drains the left kidney?

  Left renal vein; left suprarenal vein and gonadal vein
  --> the way from large vein to kidney is longer to the left kidney than to the right kidney and this also has a clinical aspect: renal vein entrapment syndrome = compression of the left renal vein between the superior mesenteric artery anteriorly and abdominal aorta posteriorly  

• Where is the entrance to the kidney?

  Renal hilum

• Is the kidney unilobar or multilobar?

  Multi

• What is the anatomy of the renal hilum?

  Renal vein (anterior)
  Renal artery (middle)
  Renal pelvis (posterior)

• The kidney is surrounded by a fibrous capsule, what are the two layers of this capsule?

  Fibroblast and myofibroblasts, aids in resisting volume and pressure variations

• What are the two distinct regions of the kidney (peripheral parenchyma)?

  Cortex (outer part)
  - cortical labyrinths
  - renal columns = part medulla (between the pyramids)
  Medulla (inner part)  
  - medullary pyramids (renal papilla)
  - medullary rays (project into the cortex)