Politics of difference; growing recognition of the significance of cultural differences within society.

Seeks to challenge and overthrow oppression by reshaping a group's identity.

1. Group marginalization operates through stereotypes and values developed by dominant groups that structure how marginalized groups see themselves and are seen by others. Often instil a sense of inferiority.

2. Belief that subordination can be challenged by reshaping identity to give the group concerned a sense of pride and self-respect. Serves as a source of liberation.

Were laid by the postcolonial theories that emerged from the collapse of the European empires in the early post-1945 period. Post-colonialism sought to challenge and overturn the cultural dimension of imperial rule by establishing the legitimacy of non-Western political ideas and traditions.