T-cell differentiation
11 important questions on T-cell differentiation
What are DN cells?
Double negative cells, the most immature ones in the thymus. They differentiate into double positive thymocytes. They are then checked for possible useful TCR specificities and positively selected to become an intermediate and finally single positive CD8+ or CD4+ cells
How are T-cells selected in the thymus?
Cells with too weak or too high MHC binding are negatively selected. CD25+ cells are selected in the same manner, but they are chosen with higher MHC affinity.
What do different forms of DC-T-cell contact assure?
quality and heterogenicity of the immune response
- Higher grades + faster learning
- Never study anything twice
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
For my 1st exam I got a C. Then, I started looking for ways to learn better and I came across Study Smart. Since then I have scored a A+, A, A- and another A. I highly recommend it to everyone who wants to hear it. I am so happy with it!!
I was struggling to finish all my first-year subjects for 3 years. Then I discovered Study Smart, which helped me to finish all of them within 3 months.
Because of StudySmart, things are going well in many ways. Before, I always had study stress and no time for anything. Now I feel calm and confident (because of the program). I used to score a B, now I usually score an A or A+.
Hey Chris, I really want to thank you very much for developing the platform, I usually got around C for my exams, now I scored an A+, an A and a A- !!
Since using Study Smart, my average has increased significantly. I even completed a statistics course with a A+ while I'm bad at statistics. I took on extra courses this year, because of Study Smart. Thanks so much!
Ever since I started studying with StudySmart I passed all my exams !!! No more re-sits!! At first, I was happy with a pass and now I only get good grades. Many thanks!
I aced all the courses I studied with Study Smart. For law, I first scored a D, and now an A! I’m 100% sure that I’ll pass all the courses I study with Study Smart.
I always thought I studied well. My grades were fine. I could never have imagined that applying these study skills would have such a huge and direct impact on my grades, my speed and the pleasure I have in learning.
For the first time, I finally feel totally confident about the way I learn. I have the perfect overview and make great progress in terms of speed and the grades I get. Thanks, Chris!
I immediately started to enjoy learning again, and my grades soared. All of a sudden, everything went better. I highly recommend Study Smart to all students..
Being able to create my materials online made the process of studying so much smoother and quicker. I no longer have to spend a huge amount of my time on creating my summaries.
At first, my notes were a mess. Now I use Study Smart to take my notes in a perfectly structured way. It helps me to save a lot of time and do other things I enjoy.
Students that study with Study Smart get better grades. The system applies all the learning methods in such a way that both well-performing students and students who struggle perform much better.
Hi Chris, I would like to thank you very much. Last year I scored C on a course, and this year I got an A+ thanks to your method! Thank you very much!
The largest effect is that my child is more enthusiastic about school! Every parent wants their children to be happy at school, Study Smart made it happen.
In high school, I failed several exams, and that has really changed now. I actually needed this tool very much back then. Since I started studying with StudySmart, I haven't had any D's. My average score is now an A and those are results I would have never had in the past
With my old method, I passed only 3 out of 8 courses. Since I started taking my notes digitally in Study Smart, I have passed all my courses on the first try. For me, StudySmart takes away the stress of wondering if I will pass or not.
Thanks to StudySmart, I passed all my exams, and with better grades than before! On top of that, I have mastered a very good study method now, which I am confident will help me earn my degree.
Which co-stimulators are needed for T-cell activation and why?
Activated APCs upregulate their expression of e.g. B7, which interacts with CD28 on the T-cell. Also, IL-12 is needed. If those costimulators are not present, this will result in T-cell anergy
What is the effect of IL2 and cyclins?
Cell proliferation
Which are the 3 steps in CD4+ cell development?
induction, commitment and amplification
Which cytokines play a role in Th1 differentiation?
DCs secrete IL12, NKs secrete IFN gamma, leading to IFN gamma amplification in the T-cell, which causes it to give a Th1 response with even more IFN gamma via activation of T-bet, leading to antibody production.
Which cytokines play a role in Th2 differentiation?
Mast cells and T-cells secrete IL-4, amplifying IL-4 production in T-cells. Via Stat-6 and Gata3, this induces Th2 differentation, leading to secretion of IL4, IL5 and IL13 and IgE production & mucosal activity.
Which cytokines play a role in Th17 differentiation?
DCs secrete IL6 and IL1, leading to activation of Stat3 and IL21 production, giving positive feedback to the cell. This together with IL23 production of DCs leads to Th17 differentiation via the RORyt pathway and IL17 and IL 22 production, causing inflammation
What is the use of T follicular helper cells?
They can direct antibody class switching. IL-4 induces switching to IgG1 and IFN induces switching to IgG2a. This is induced by IL21 and the Bcl6 pathway
Which cytokines play a role in Treg differentiation?
TGF beta via the FoxP pathway in the cell. The cell then secretes TGF beta, IL 10 and IL 35
Try our study magic for free
a PDF, study it super fast
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- AI makes unlimited flashcards
- Get unlimited quizzes and tests
- Ask AI anything
- No sign up, email or credit card needed!
- Have and keep perfect overview
- Make flashcards, notes and mind maps
- Review, test and score!
The question on the page originate from the summary of the following study material:
- A unique study and practice tool
- Never study anything twice again
- Get the grades you hope for
- 100% sure, 100% understanding
