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Collaborative and sharing economy

11 important questions on Collaborative and sharing economy

The sharing economy is seen as an umbrella term for collaborative economy, but other scholars see it the other way around. What are the four drivers of CE/SE?

* Technological innovation
* Value shift
* Economic reality: new forms of income, more variety of jobs
* Environmental pressure; policies in the circular economy, resource efficiency, difficulty to get resources.

How is SE/CE defined what are its four key components and what is the difference between SE and CE?

SE/CE is defined as an economy that builds on distributed networks of connected individuals and communities, transforming how we produce, consume, finance and learn.

Four elements:
- Consume; maximum utilization of assets through efficient models of redistribution and shared access
- Production; design, production, distribution of goods through collaborative networks
- Finance; decentralization of finance, e.g. New currencies
- Education; open access information

CE has to do with all elements, whereas SE has to do with mainly the consumer part, parts of service and systems and sometimes also connected to lifestyles.

What are the distinct transaction madden CE/SE?

B2C, B2B and P2P

You have profit and non-profit sharing.

There are three developments in CE/SE, what are those?

Development 1: idle capacity seeking utility
Moving from property to access to meet more conventional economic ends, such as efficiency, effectiveness and utility.

Development 2: Digital sharing platforms
Digitalization boosted the sharing economy, but it has also given rise to most commercialization of it. So, maybe its better to call it the gig economy.

Development 3: Common-based sharing/collaborating
People want to belong to something, to a community. So, instead of only the instrumental terms in collaborative consumption, it also has a value-based perspective.

We distinguish three trends: collaborative economy, digital platform and utility-based sharing. This ranges from sharing in to sharing out.

Types of sharing
- Platform renting and re-selling
- Platform collaborative and production
- For-profit platform sharing
- Non-profit platform sharing
- Grassroots collaborative production
- Non-platform collaborative consumption

Structure the types of sharing in the three trends or in the combination of trends.

sharing in
Collaborative economy
- Grassroots sharing

Digital platform
- Platform renting and re-selling

Combination of collaborative and digital:
- Platform collaborative production

Sharing out
Utility-based sharing
- Non-platform collaborative consumption

Combination digital platform and utility-based sharing
- For-profit platform sharing

Combination of all three:
Non-profit platform sharing

Why can the sharing economy be both disruptive and creating opportunities to sustainability?

Can be disruptive because of the rebound effects. Can be supportive because it can contribute to resource efficiency. According to Schor, it can contribute to it IF it is real sharing and IF we create the context where technology is employed. The challenge is responsible sharing.

What are the two communalities in the sharing and collaborative economy?

Use of temporary access non-ownership utilizing consumer goods and services
Their reliance on the internet and specifically web 2.0 allow users to contribute and connect

What are the findings of this article?

Internet facilitates sharing (through web 2.0 --> free digital music and films between strangers or for example foto sharing on Facebook, or review sharing)
Collaborative consumption (the sharing of a pitcher of beer instead of two regular beers)

How green is the sharing economy?

Yet, there is no evidence of the impact of sharing on the environment (how sustainable is sharing really?)

Does the sharing economy build social capital?

The role of ratings and reputational information is at the centre of questions about social capital. The more information is provided the fewer users formed strong bonds. Sharing can also reproduce the class, gender and racial biases, and hierarchies of today's society.

How do Arnould & Rose (2016) criticize Belk? And what is Mutuality?

This authors criticize Belk for the ontology and epistemology used in Belk's theory. They argue that his definition of collaborative consumption is too narrow, because it excludes people who are not part of the sharing economy, resulting in that the SE network cannot grow.

They argue, instead of collaborative consumption, it should be mutuality.

Mutuality refers to the process of reciprocal exchange that involves a) transferring goods and services, and b) sharing experiences, values and emotions. Gift-giving and online communities are examples of Mutuality.

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