Cognitions & Emotions
14 important questions on Cognitions & Emotions
What are the differences between generalized, phenomenon-specific, & formalized dual process theories?
2. Phenomenon-specific: focuses on a specific phenomenon/topic in research. These theories have developed the idea of 2 or more thinking systems, around that specific phenomenon.
3. Formalized: theories that actually say that they presume that there are 2 thinking systems and they don't say you're using either the one or the other, but that you use probably both of that at the same time but in varying degrees
How can controlled processes be described? Controlled processes are…
A process can be described as a controlled process when it meets at least one of the following criteria: the process is intentional, the process is inefficient, the process is controllable, and the process is conscious.
This insight has inspired a disjunctive conceptualization of automaticity, according to which a process can be characterized as automatic if it meets at least one of the four criteria of automaticity. That is, a process can be described as automatic if it is either (1) unintentional, (2) efficient, (3) uncontrollable, or (4) unconscious.
Which of the following statements does NOT belong to the four operating conditions that characterize automatic processes in dual process theories?
- They occur outside of conscious awareness
- They require considerable amount of cognitive resources.
- They are activated automatically when an object is encountered
- They cannot be stopped voluntarily
- In social cognition, automatic processes are typically characterized in terms of four operating conditions:
- (1) they are elicited unintentionally;
- (2) they require little amounts of cognitive resources;
- (3) they cannot be stopped voluntarily; and
- (4) they occur outside of conscious awareness
- Automatic processes require relatively little amount of cognitive resources. Sometimes only one or few information cues may be sufficient to activate automatic processes and drive subsequent judgment or behaviour. Furthermore, automatic processes are elicited unintentionally, cannot be stopped voluntarily, and occur outside of conscious awareness.
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How do emotions influence consumer behaviour?
- People are being influenced when feeling ashamed. So, shame influences. For example people give more donations to a charity when they are ashamed, more gift giving, more listening to advice, ect.
- Pride influences people. For example: more gift giving, less listening to advice, more high status consumption
Which of the following statements applies to the Generalized dual process theories?
The lack of conceptual precision is one of the main criticisms of the Generalized dual process theories. Gawronski and Creighton (2013) say that these theories, due to a high degree of generality, lack the level of specificity that is required for developing testable predictions.
According to Gawronski & Creighton, what is the problem with the conceptualization of automatic and controlled processes in an all-or-none fashion? That is, what is the problem when using all four operating conditions to distinguish if the process is automatic or controlled?
However, challenging the usefulness of this all-or-none conceptualization, it soon turned out that there is virtually no process that meets all four operating criteria
The problem of an all-or-none conceptualization of dual processes lies in its application. As Gawronski & Creighton (2013, p. 283) point out in their article, “there is virtually no process that meets all the four operating criteria”.
What is the general assumption of the dual process theories? According to dual process theories, there are two distinct mental processes: one that
- Dual process theories have their roots in the assumption that the universe of mental processes can be divided into two general classes: those that operate automatically and those that operate in a controlled fashion
- All dual process theories have the basic assumption that there are at least two classes of mental processes. One class of mental processes that operates automatically, and one class of mental processes that operates in a controlled fashion.
How can emotions influence our consumer behaviour?
2. Need to know emotion theory
3. Need to know relation (emotion cause - consumer decision situation)
Different emotion influences
- Irrelevant influences
- Not relevant to current decision
- Cause of the emotion is unrelated to the consumer decision
- Spill-over effect, should logically not occur
- Emotion = disruptive signal
- Relevant Influences
- Relevant for consumer decision at hand
- Cause of emotion is related to the consumer decision
- Shows function of emotion (often generate)
- Emotion = useful signal
According to categories approach to emotions, how can emotions be differentiated? Based on the...
- The categories approach does not attempt to determine the causes of emotions, but rather groups emotions based on their similarities.
- However, there is no attempt to determine what causes the similarities between emotions within each category; therefore, it is of limited use in explaining when a particular emotion will be felt.
- The categories approach groups emotions around exemplars. It does not attempt to determine the causes of emotions, but rather groups emotions on the basis of their similarities.
According to the cognitive appraisal approach of Watson & Spence, what is the appraisal of agency?
Agency of an emotion concerns the question: who is the cause of the emotion event? The causal agent is thus who or what had control over the stimulus event that caused the emotion.
Multiple theories claim that the influences of emotions on consumer behaviour can be explained with emotional appraisals. What are emotional appraisals?
How consumers interpret the situation is called an appraisal.
Based on the appraisal, a certain emotion is then experienced.
As the interpretation is different for every consumer, it is a subjective interpretation of events.
How would you add intuition to the model from question B? Add intuition to the model and explain your reasoning.
Intuition is not the same as emotions: it is a different mental process. Therefore, it is another influence on consumer behaviour, independent from the emotional process. Thus, both emotions and intuition influence consumer behaviour.
How do the two systems (reasoning and intuitive processing) together influence consumer behaviour?
intuitity: similarity, contiguity, effortless, requires some time
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