Read the summary and the most important questions on Private environmental governance

• 1 Non-state actors in IEP: the rise of private governance

• In which ways to private actors influence international environmental policy? Divide the more traditional influence from the modern private governance.

  Traditional: 
  -Lobby governments during negotiations
  -Monitor regime implementations on a national level
  -Raise awareness for certain issues (NGO's)
  
  Modern:
  -Participate in public-private partnerships
  -Develop private governance initiatives

• What is the influence of the increase in non-state rulemaking on International Environmental Policy?

  -IEP is now a hybrid mix of public-private rule making
  -There is a shift from government to governance through the suplementation and in some cases substitution of government authority by non-state actors' authority

• How does Falkner define global private governance?

  One can speak of private governance when interactions among private actors, or between private actors and civil society and state actors, give rise to institutional arrangements that structure and direct actors behavior in a specific issue-area. p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 10.0px Helvetica}

• 2 Theoretical perspectives explaining the rise of private governance

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• Which three perspectives were described by Falkner to explain the rise of private governance in IEP?

  -Globalisation (state-in-decline) perspective
  -Transnationalist perspective
  -Critical political economy perspective

• According to the globalisation perspective, what explains the rise of private governance in IEP?

  Globalisation and deterritoialization have made state-led regulation less effective, therefore private governance arises

• According to the transnationalist perspective, what explains the rise of private governance in IEP?

  The increased transnationalism, fueled by the rise of global civil society, puts pressure on corporations to act.

• According to the critical economy perspective, what explains the rise of private governance in IEP?

  There is a growing dominance of market-based voluntary governance as a way to reduce the regulatory burden on industrie.

• What is Falkners critique on the transnationalist perspective?

  -Even though civil society (NGO's) do engage in creating private governance, but they do so in an uneven manner, only targeting topics that are more likely to gain support from public and media, often focussed on big corporations. Therefore states still have to ensure adequate global governance on the topics that are not suitable for NGO campaigns.
  -The willingness of civil society and NGO's to participate into constructive dialogue with states and corporations results in an interdependance that might limit the scope for activism.

• What is Falkners critique on the critical economy perspective? (The one that argues that the emergence of PEG represents a shift in ideological underpinnings of environmental politics towards a corporate conception of state-market relations) (So state regulation to self market regulation) p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 10.0px Helvetica}

  -It overstates the influence of business setting the global environmental agenda. Business influence is very inconsistent, certain fields are more active than others and there is a lot of fluctuation regarding ideology.
  -It understates the continuity of a fundamentally liberal consensus enshrined in the global environmental agenda. The business world cannot be credited with creation of sustainable development concept.

• 3 Implications of private governance: research agenda

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• Which questions can be asked to determine the legitimacy of private governance?

  -Is it fair in addressing diverse concerns?
  -Is it accountable and representative in its decision-making process?