CLOA Models of cognitive processes
14 important questions on CLOA Models of cognitive processes
Multi-store memory model: Sensory memory
- Has an unknown capacity
- can handle any number of sensory inputs and store them for a fraction of a second
- The key process here is attention—information that is attended to (or noticed) is transferred to STM.
- Information that isn't noticed is lost immediately to decay.
Multi-store memory model: Short-term memory (STM)
- Has a capacity of 7 +/- 2 items or "chunks" of information, and a limited duration of about 30 seconds
- According to the model, information in STM is encoded phonetically (by its sound) and/or visually.
- The key process in STM is rehearsal—if the information is rehearsed in STM it is then transferred to LTM.
- If the information is not rehearsed, then it's lost to displacement (when its place in STM is dislodged by another item or chunk) or decay (the memory trace is lost, or forgotten).
Multi-store memory model: Long-term memory (LTM)
- Unknown capacity
- Information in LTM is processed semantically (by meaning).
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Memory loss can happen in LTM (Multi-store model) due to several factors: (3 factors)
1. Interference happens when different memories integrate with one another and become indistinguishable.
2. Decay essentially refers to how memories fade with time.
3. Retrieval failure is sometimes known as cue-dependent or context-dependent forgetting, which basically means that a memory can't be retrieved or recalled because of some missing stimulus, cue, or context.
Multi-store model can explain phenomena like:
- attention while driving (automatic driving behavior when not remembering or noticing while driving)
- tip-of-the-tongue, displacement in STM (while waiting for a break in conversation to share smth.)
- Retrieval failure, memories are encoded along multiple sensory dimensions.
Empirical studies on multi-store model
Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
Case studies on multi-store model
Clive Wearing
Shallice and Warrington´s (1970)
In the multi-store model, how does information pass from sensory memory to short-term memory?
Sensory memory lasts a fraction of a second. If we don't pay attention to something then we don't notice it and therefore we don't remember it.
In the multi-store model, how is information transferred (encoded) from short term to long term memory?
Through rehearsal.
Explanation:
We rehearse the information by saying it to ourselves, and organising it into memorable 'chunks', as we say it. Think of how you memorise telephone numbers - not 9824308745, but 982 430 8745, and then you say it to yourself. We use various forms of rehearsal that could help transfer informaiton from the STM to the LTM, these could include maintenance and elaborative rehearsal which could range from merely repeating something numerous times all the way to finding meaning in information.
What are two limitations of the multi-store memory model?
3 main parts of Working memory model + recently updated part
- Central executive - Decides which information is attended to, and where in working memory to send it.
- Phonological loop - Deals with spoken and written material.
- Visuo-spatial sketchpad - Deals with what things look like and spatial awareness.
- Episodic buffer - Communicates with LTM and other components of working memory
What advantages does the working memory model have over the multi-store memory model?
It explains how people can think of two separate tasks at once, providing they each use a different processing area, and it is a more dynamic model.
Why was the episodic buffer added to the working memory model?
The previous model did not explain the interaction between long-term and short-term memory.
What are two limitations of the working memory model?
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