Pharmacoepidemiology (article)
11 important questions on Pharmacoepidemiology (article)
What is the problem with spontaneous reporting systems?
What three main issues does pharmacoepidemiology address?
2) What are the determinants of drug use? (factors that determine drug choice)
3) What are the outcomes of drug use (beneficial and adverse effects)?
How can selection bias occur in a case-control study and in a cohort study?
retrospective cohort studies: Selection bias may occur when the selection of exposed and unexposed individuals is based on different criteria that are related to the outcome of interest.
In prospective cohort studies selection bias is unlikely.
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What may be a result of bias?
To what criteria must a determinant met will it be a confounding?
- Is associated with the exposure of interest
- Must not be an intermediate link in the causal pathway between exposure and outcome.
What are the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of a cohort and a case-control study?
cohort study: usually large populations, exposure oriented, relatively expensive and time consuming, multiple effects can be studied, incidence can be calculated, less prone to bias especially if it is prospective but risk of loss to follow-up, temporal relationship can be assessed,and efficient for rare exposures.
What is the difference between cumulative incidence and the incidence density?
With the incidence density only new cases are incorporated in the numerator and the actual person-time at risk is used in the denominator.
So the incidence density is the number of new cases of a disease during a given time period, divided by the total person time of observation.
What are descriptive studies?
What are case-control studies?
What are cohort studies?
What formulas are use to calculate risk estimates in cohort studies and case-control studies?
case-control: Odds ratio: ad/bc. (a = exposed + disease, b = only exposed, c= only disease, d = no disease and no exposure)
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