Biocide and antibiotic resistance
14 important questions on Biocide and antibiotic resistance
How can antibiotics target a microorganism?
- Cell wall: the cell wall becomes unbreakable and because of this it can not multiply
- DNA/RNA synthesis: It can not be synthesis and by this the microorganism can not multiply.
- Folate synthesis: It is prevented and this component is needed for the syntheses of DNA
- Cell membrane: Disruption lets the cell die
- Protein synthesis: Is prevented and the cell will die
How can you get antimicrobial resistance?
- Efflux: pushing the antibiotics out
- Immunity & Bypass: Makes that folate is not syntesised anymore and proteins can be made again.
- Target modifications: that make that DNA syntesis can happen agina, proteins can be made again and the cell wall can break again.
- Inactivating Enzymes that degradate the antibiotics.
What are the 3 main things behind antimicrobial resistance?
- Prevention of intracellular drug accumulation by active efflux (pumping) of the drug out of the cell before it can damage the micro- organism or by preventing its uptake
- Alteration in the drug target (the part of the micro-organism where damage is done) which leads to ineffective levels of drug binding to or near the target site
- Production by the microorganism of a drug-inactivating enzyme that destroys or greatly diminishes the drug's ability to kill the micro- organism
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Why are disinfectants linked to antimicrobial resistance?
Trough cross interactions the microorganisms can become resistant to antibiotics.
How can gene transfers of antibiotic resistance go?
- Bacterial transformation: A pice of DNA is put into the DNA of an other cell.
- Bacterial transduction: A phage puts a pice of DNA into an ohter cell
- Bacterial conjugation: A plasmid is put into an other cell.
These are all efficient ways to transfer genes.
What is the initial way a micro-organism becomes antibiotic resistant?
What are the reasons for people to use antibiotics in animals?
- Reduction of animal pain and suffering
- Protection of livelihood and animal resources
- Assurance of continuous production of foods of animal origin
- Prevention or minimizing shedding of zoonotic bacteria into the environment and the food chain
- Containment of potentially large-scale epidemics that could result in severe loss of animal and human lives
Use antibiotics as growth promoters prohibited in the EU since January 2006
How do people get sick from antibiotics in animals?
These resistant bacteria can be in:
- The animal products
- Products contaminated with water that has been in contact with soil (which was contaminted by the animals)
- Food prepered troug contaminated surfaces
- Environment with animal poop.
The impact is that people bet ill and they might even die.
1 in 5 resistant infections are caused by germs form food and animals.
What is the impact of antimicrobial additives in livestock farming?
- Increased human morbidity
- increasen human mortality
- Reduced Efficacy of Related Antibiotics used in humans
- increased human healthcare costs
- increased potential for carriage and dissemination
- Facilitated emergence of resistance in human pathogens.
What is the enzyme Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase?
How can the ESBL gene be spread?
- ESBL gene
can be transmitted within the bacterium e.g. batween plasmids and the chromosomal DNA - Plasmids with ESBL-genes
certain ESBL/plasmid conbinations can spread between bacteria from the same or different bacterial species and are maintained in bacterial populations. - Clonal distribution of strains
What did they find out about plasmid endoded resistant genes transferred form animals derived E. coli strains to human commensal E. coli strains?
What is a very improtant tool for getting information about resistant antibiotics?
What are the opportunities to overcome antimicrobial resistance?
- Smart(er) use of antibiotic (combination) treatments
- Reduction of the use of disinfectants
- WGS-based assessment of antibiotic resistance repertoire used for optimized treatments
- Novel (synthetic) antibiotics
- Alternative treatments such as bacteriophages
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