Read the summary and the most important questions on Risk behaviour and addiction

• 1 Lecture 1

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• What we tend to regard as 'risk behaviours' depends on:

  Characteristics of the particalar substance or behaviour. E.g. Smoking vs gaming. For smoking integrated phase is already seen as addictive, but not for smoking
  
  Cultural and societal norms. E.g.  alcohol use in western vs. Islamic cultures
  
  Scientific knowledge: knowledge on the risks of alcohol use for the cognitive development of adolescents

• Predictors of risk behaviour

  3 things influence behaviour.
  
  Capability, motivation and opportunity influence behaviour

• What are psychoactive substances

  Chemical substances that cross the blood-brain barrier. and affect the function of the central nervous system thereby altering perception, mood, or consciousness
  
  Other characteristics:
  induce craving after use (with ciggaretts)
  evoke loss of control after they have been used (more difficult to control behaviour)

• Two learning principles underlying the development of addiction:

  Positive reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behaviour increases because a desirable event (euphoria, relaxation) is resulting from the behaviour
  
  Negative reinforcement occurs when the rate of a behaviour increases because an aversive event is prevented from happening (prevention of withdrawal symptoms)

• Why do we experience withdrawal symptoms

  Drug use > dopamine release > reward  >>>> brain adaption (the sensitivity of the reward system is decreasing)

• The decrease in sensitivity of the brain reward system

  Reduction number of dopamine receptors
  Making the existing receptors less sensitive to dopamine
  
  Results:
  Tolerance (needing more for same effect)
  Withdrawal symptoms (during abstinence)
  A reduced sensitivity to natural incentives (food, sex)

• Motivation is explicit and implicit

  Explicit: self-reported (makkelijk te benoemen wat het is) and craving
  
  Implicit: *onbewust en moeilijk te benomen* 
  - Cue reactivity (when users are shown a picture of weed, the brain reacts)
  - Incentive salience
  - Cognitive biases (interaction between motivation & control)
  
  Incentive salience theory & associative learning
  

  1. Repeated use of drugs with rewarding outcome
  2. Drug cues get paired with this rewarding outcome
  3. Drug cues itself become salient because of psysical and mental paring with reward    

  
  
  Cognitive biases:  implicit and automatic cognitive processing of addiction related cues is altered 
  * Attentional bias 
  * Approach bias

• Implicit and explicit in cannabis use

  Craving does increase cannabis use, attentional bias doesn't

• 1.1 Sussman, A general introduction to the concept of addiction and addictive effects

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• Explain substance and behavioral addiction

  Substance: repetitive intake of a drug (alcohol)
  Behavioral: engaging in types of behaviour repetitively which are not directly taken into the body (gambling)

• Explain intensional and extensional conceptions of addiction

  Intensional: definitions aims to describe a causal addiction process
  
  Extensional: classifying characteristics of a drug (DSM5)