Summary: Robbins Basic Pathology | 9780323353175 | Kumar, et al

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• 2 Cell injury, Cell Death and Adaptations

• 2.1 Introduction to pathology

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• What is the difference between Etiology and Pathogenesis

  
  Etiology refers to why a disease arises and pathogenesis describes how a disease develops

• 2.3 Causes of cell injury

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• What is the difference between Hypoxia and Ischemia?

  Hypoxia refers to oxygen deficiency and Ischemia refers to reduced blood supply

• 2.4 Sequence of events in cell injury and cell death

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• Why do cells and intracellular organelles typically become swollen in Reversible injury

  Because they take in water as a result of the failure of energy-dependent ion pumps (Na-K-ATPase)

• Name 3 common characterisations of irreversible cell injury

  1. inability to restore mitochondrial function
  2. loss of structure and functions of the plasma membrane and intracellular membranes.
  3. the loss of DNA and chromatin structural integrity.

• During Necrosis, the contents of the cell are leaked. These contents may cause further damage to the surrounding cells. How does your body react to this?

  
  Necrosis elicits  inflammation, that is induced by substances
  released from dead cells and which serves to eliminate the debris and start the subsequent repair process.
  The enzymes responsible for digestion of the cell are derived from lysosomes and may come from the dying cells themselves or from leukocytes recruited as part of the inflammatory reaction.

• Name a characteristic cause of Coagulative necrosis

  
  infarcts (areas of necrosis caused by ischemia) in all solid organs except the brain.

• What is characteristic for Liquefactive necrosis

  
  Dead cells are completely digested, transforming the tissue into
  a viscous liquid that is eventually removed by phagocytes. Often it is associated with focal bacterial or fungal infections E.g. Brain infarct

• What is characteristic for Caseous necrosis

  Often caused by TB, 'Cheeselike'

• What is characteristic for Fibrinoid necrosis

  It is a special form. occurs in immune reactions in which complexes of antigens and antibodies are deposited in the walls of blood vessels. This causes a bright pink, amorphous appearance.

• Which pathway of apoptosis is resposible for in most physiologic and pathologic situations

  The mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway