Gender and Migration
17 important questions on Gender and Migration
Where does the term Gender stands for?
Where does Gender in the development focuses on?
What do we mean by cultural relativsm?
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What are three forms of capital that are related to gender and access to/control over resources?
- Natural capital - women often only have user rights to land but sometimes motherhood can also secure land tenure
- Economic capital - (married) women have less access to credit (and bankaccounts...) --> micro credit
- Physical capital - mostly restricted in combination with/as a result of limited access to other resources
What is social capital and how does it relate to gender?
What are the three downsides of social capital?
- Social capital can provide a network in times of need, but networks often claim female labour and care
- Strong social networks often include high levels of social control over behaviour
- Women are often excluded from powerful networks and often have very homogenous networks.
Through which three processes can gender relations change?
- Strategizing: woemn are not helpless victims, but strategize to optimise livelihoods
- Bargaining: bargaining within the household influences behaviour of women and men
- Valuing outcomes; it is important to look into how women themselves interpret the outcomes of empowering projects.
What is the gender division of labour?
What are three forms of reproduction?
- Biological reproduction (childbearing, breastfeeding)
- Generational reproduction (raising, educating children)
- Daily reproduction (daily maintenance of household)
What is the subordination of women?
What are 4 facts about time allocation in peasant households?
- Women often work more hours per day than men
- Men participate little in daily maintenance of the household and other unpaid 'household work'
- Cash income earning activities are predominantly carried out by men
- Contribution of women to farm work varies considerably across different peasant societies. The poorer the household, the more women tend to contribute to farm work. In many African societies, women mainly work in food crops (for subsistence) and men in cash crops (for market sale)
What are vulnerability contexts?
How do we define migration as a livelihood strategy?
What are the three characteristics of the Harris-Todaro model?
- Migration is a response to the gap between rural and urban incomes (=push & pull factors); 'incomes' include public goods and services & other amenities
- Those who do not find a formal urban job turn to informal urban sector
- Offers explanation for urban 'unemployment'
What are the limitations of the Harris-Todaro model?
- Existing labour force sizes no good indicator of probability of finding a formal job for newcomers
- Does not consider migration costs (travel costs, risks, foregone income), but they can be incorporated
- Other motives besides wage differences may plat a role: RIsk spreasing, remittances sent home, and so on...
What are the five characteristics of the NELM model?
- Basic assumption: Migration decisions are at least partly taken by the household to which a migrant belongs
- Househol acts collectively to maximize income, reduce risks and loosen the (credit, insurence) market constraints they face
- Migration can help households to overcome problems with access to (in)formal credit & insurance by providing finance (remittances) and by diversifying income sources
- The household covers the initial costs of migration (can be very large!), but receives liquidity (remittances) and insuracne at a later stage
- Migration is driven by imperfections in credit and income insurance markets (in addition to labour markets)
What are the limitations of the NELM model?
- Local OFE (self-employment, local wage employment) neglected; can often be combined with agricultural activities, and also loosens credit and insurance constraints
- Migrant remittances may be used outside agriculture (education, rural houses, private businesses, leisure..)
- No attention for 'social remittances' (new knowledge, skills, entrepeneurship, social capital) of returning migrants
- Not attention to impact on 'left-behind children'
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