Read the summary and the most important questions on Samenvatting oncology

• 1 Cancer epidemiology

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• To grade the evidence convincing, one should?

  Strong and unlikely to change in the future
  No unexplained heterogeneity
  At least 2 independent cohort studies
  Good quality studies that account for error
  Dose-response 
  Robust evidence from laboratory studies

• Why is epidemiology important in cancer?

  To gain knowledge about trends in incidence, survival and mortality in cancer

• To grade the evidence probable, one should?

  No unexplained heterogeneity
  At least 2 independent cohort or 5 case-control studies
  Good quality studies that account for error
  Dose-response
  Plausible evidence from laboratory studies

• What are the key concepts in epidemiology?

  Prevalence, incidence, mortality and relative survival

• What are the main problems with randomized Randomized controlled trials?

  Ethical
  Lack of compliance
  Short duration
  Intermediate endpoints
  Timing of exposure
  Costly

• Explain the term 'grey pressure'

  They pressure is a number calculated by dividing the #people of 65+ by the #people aged 20 - 64. This double ageing phenomenon van lead to an enormous public health problem --> more and more people get cancer.

• Why is the most important risk factor of cancer age?

  Due to the accumulation of damage or mutations in regulatory genes, age plays a role in this since time is needed for this accumulation of damage to daughter cells. Also, there is more damage to repair tools and less control by the micro-environment.

• What are the different ways to identify the causes of cancer?

  Accidental finding, systematic counting and focused research (case control and prospective cohort studies).

• What can be calculated using PAF (population attributable fraction)?

  The proportion of incidents in the population that are attributable to the risk factor. So looking of a cancer can be prevented by for example not smoking, avoiding overweight and eating healthy.

• 2 The role of pathology in diagnosis and treatment of cancer

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• What are the 10 hallmarks of cancer

  Sustaining proliferative signaling
  Evading growth suppressors 
  Avoiding immune destruction
  Enable replicative immortality
  Tumor-promoting inflammation
  Activating invasion & metastasis
  Inducing angiogenesis
  Genome instability & mutation
  Resisting cell death
  Deregulating cellular energetics