Read the summary and the most important questions on Samenvatting Periode 1

• 1.1 ch 1: Origins of civilisations of Egypt and Mesopotamia

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• Describe a Mesopotamian city (core, economy)

  Core: temple, the abode of state deity. Owned vast estates and engaged in wide range of activities
  temple economy: led to invention of writing (3400-3200 BC): cuneiform script

• Name an important contrast between groups in the ancient Near East

  Sedentary <-> nomadic way of life. These two groups had an ambivalent relationship because sedentary group was afraid of being plundered but they were dependent on each other for product exchange.

• Name 2 geographical conditions similarities that Egypt and Mesopotamia have

  1. Dependent on river water
  2. Poor in various important resources

• Name 3 differences between Egypt and Mesoptamia

  1. Condition for agriculture: better in Egypt because of the Nile flooding before sowing season (in Mesopotamia just before harvest)
  2. Euphrates and Tygris contained harmful salts --> could lead to salinization 
  3.  Surrounding areas: Egypt abrupt transition + more isolated, Mesopotamia transition more gradual and constant invasions of foreigners.

• 1.2 notes

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• Name 2 sources of knowledge of ancient history

  1. Information passed on from generation to generation 
  2. Recovered in for example excavations

• 2 ch 2: The Third Millennium

• 2.1 The early Bronze Age, Egypt: the Old kingdom (2600-2150)

• How can Egypt's history be divided

  1. Old Kingdom (2600-2150)
  2. Middle Kingdom (2000-1800)
  3. New Kingdom (1550-1100)  
  
  They alternate with 'intermediate periods' of political fragmentation in which Egypt was ruled by multiple local governors

• How can Egypt be characterized (distinction lands)

  Distinction between Lower and Upper Egypt

• Who constructed the pyramids

  The Kings of Old Kingdom

• How did the Old Kingdom end (2)

  1. Pharaoh lost hold on officials (provincial governors became too strong because of land given to them as salary and this land was passed on from father to son)
  2. Area flooded by nile deceased, reports of famine appeared

• 2.1.2 Mesopotamia, Sumer and Akkad

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• Describe the stuggle of power in Mesopotamia

  Struggle between temple and king, they intruded into another's sphere of influence.