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A snapshot of the summary - Scientific Methdology in Archaeology
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1 Evolution
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1.1 History of Evolutionary Thought
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What are characteristics of the Classical Philosophers?
- Species are static and
unchanging - Life is
unchanging - Ladder of
organic life - Species are in a fixed position and can not move up and down the ladder
- Species are static and
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What are the characteristics of Taoism?
- Denies fixity of species
- Humans, nature and the heavens are in a constant state of transformation
- Not exactly evolution, because species can turn into other species
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What are the characteristics of the Islamic Golden Age?
- Organic states are in a constant state of competition
- First writings on the struggle for life;
- How things are struggling
- How certain species have certain advantages and live longer
- Transmutation from the non-living to the living
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What are characteristics of the Christian West?
Literal interpretations of the bible- Fixed date for the creation of the earth
- Based on the bible by James
Usher , hecalculated back in time
- Some humans were considered better than other humans
- Species organized in a
vertical orientation
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What are characteristics of the Age of Exploration?
- Earth is no longer the
centre of the universe
- Telescope to find new worlds
- Invention of the microscope
- Diversity of people, plants and animals discovered
- Discovery of the great apes
- Earth is no longer the
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What are the contributions of de Buffon?
- Attempted to describe all
variation in the natural world - Species are the highest level at which animals could be organized
- Defines species as those who can
interbreed - Biological
variation is a product of adaptation to ones environment - Wrote
Histoire Naturelle
- Attempted to describe all
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What are the contributions of Linnaeus?
- Identification of species
Classifies species- Talks about a relationship that
Buffon did not quite get - Creates a nested hierarchy
- Classification of people
- Not published, because of the church
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What are the contributions of Cuvier?
- Found
fossil bones that have never been seen before
- Found
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What are the contributions of Lyell?
- Determined that the
Earth is very old - Using modern processes to extrapolate what had happened in the past
- Theory of Uniformitarianism
- Determined that the
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What are the contributions of Erasmus Darwin?
- Life evolved from a single common ancestor
- Species can evolve from one into another
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The following topics are covered in this summary
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evolution, adaption, darwin
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reproductive, selection, darwin
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3rd, reproductive, reproduce
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superposition, metrical, stratification
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starch, assemblage, labaratory
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ceramics, assemblage, reuse
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sediments, post-depositional, lato
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reliable, thicker, thickness
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radioactive, each, unequal
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minerals, decays, deposited
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isotope, carbonate, varve
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ka, dependant, layer
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uptake, comparison, caveats
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element, electromagnetic, alteration
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polarizing, optical, polarizer
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metallographic, cathoduluminescence, secondary
