Impressions of Individuals
13 important questions on Impressions of Individuals
What do 1st impressions result from?
- unwilling or unable to devote much time or effort to thinking e.g. assumptions that inner characteristics correspond directly to behaviour
Superficial processing is automatic
What can override 1st impressions?
- thinking more deeply, taking a wider range of information into account
Why don't we always use systematic processing over superficial processing?
(e.g. we may be distracted etc)
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What 2 factors are required for systematic processing?
2. Motivation (i.e. you have to care about the issue)
What are the sources of attributions?
- Accessible causes (i.e. those that are already activated in our minds) (p.75 social psychology textbook)
- Covariation information (Kelly’s covariation model of attribution)
What experiment shows that salient causes are an important factor even if we have more time/resources? What juror experiment does this link to?
Task: 6 students watched a two-person conversation from different viewing positions
Result: they attributed greater causal role to the person they were directly watching/facing (the person who was most salient). They gave that person higher ratings for dominating the conversation and dictating its tone and outcome
Juror experiment
Lassiter, et al, 2001
Demonstrated that when the video camera is focused on the subject, jurors might believe that the confession is voluntary; but when their attention is directly focused on the interrogator, they might think he coerced the suspect to confess
How can attribution (systematic processing) correct first impressions?
e.g.
Correspondent inference: she is a nervous person
Systematic processing: but is she in an anxiety-proven situation?
How do we form more complex impressions?
We seem to combine positive traits with other positive traits and negative with negative traits
(Negative info has more weight than positive - why? Is it salient so we remember it?
How does impressions influence information seeking?
Exp: Synder & Swann, 1978 - p. 86 social psychology textbook
(though people do not always ask such biased questions) - more info p.86-87 social psychology textbook
How do we create impression-consistent behaviour?
e.g. you think someone is friendly, so you act friendly towards them. This means the person acts friendly back = your behaviour towards that person has confirmed your impression of him/her (Synder, Tanke, & Berscheid, 1977; Zebrowitz, Hall, Murphy , & Rhodes, 2002)
i.e. your impression has actually influenced the person's behaviour
(more exps p. 87 social psychology textbook)
When are we more likely to use the self-fulfilling prophecy?
- person unaware of observer's expectation of them
- person does not want to convey accurate impression
Look at p.88 & 89 for limitations of the self fulfilling prophecy
What experiment shows cultural differences in the view that impressions can be altered?
Exp: gave scenarios to American (individualist) and Chinese (collectivist) students. The scenarios described a situation and asked about the possibility that it would change to the reverse.
Results: Across 5 different scenarios, the Chinese rated the possibility higher than Americans
What experiments how that we can make fairly accurate judgements of a stranger?
Back, Stopfer, Vazire, Gaddis, Schmuckle, Egloff, & Gosling, 2010; Weisbuch, Ivcevic, & Ambady, 2009
= shows we are accurate when judging a strangers' extraversion, conscientiousness and likeability by scanning their facebook profiles
Scanning a person
We can accurately assess someone's poise, warmth and sociability after watching them even for just a few minutes (exp. Ambady, Bernieri, & Richeson, 2000; Funder & Colvin, 1988)
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