Attraction, Relationships, and Love
18 important questions on Attraction, Relationships, and Love
What are attractive ratings influenced by?
What are 3 effects of attractiveness?
---> Can become self-fulfilling
---> Causes everyday interactions to be more pleasant for attractive people
Regarding the development of relationships from acquaintance to friend, what is meant by exchanges of rewards?
Exchange relationship: a relationship in which people offer rewards in order to receive benefits in return (M.S. Clark & Mills, 1979)
- Rewards each partner obtains from interaction (mastery)
---> Providing social support
- Rewards directly exchanged in exchange relationships
- Different kind of relationships have different exchange rules (Fiske, 1992; Haslaam & Fiske, 1999)
(more info p. 450 social textbook)
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As relationships develop from acquaintance to friends, what can be said about self-disclosure?
- As relationship deepens, partners share more information about self
---> Self-disclosure increases liking (Collins & Miller, 1994)
---> Generally reciprocated in kind
---> Signals trust in relationship
---> Women tend to disclose more than men
- Especially regarding feelings and emotions (Dindia & Allen, 1992; Special & Li-Barber, 2012)
---> People from individualistic cultures tend to self-disclose more than those from collectivist cultures
---> self disclosure can go too far - those who disclose more than is appropriate make others uncomfortable (Wortman, Adesman, Herman, & Greenberg, 1976)
(p. 451-453 social textbook)
Who studied sex differences in self-disclosure?
Task - college students filled out brief questionnaires rating the intimacy of their actions
Results - any interaction involving a female (whether it's two females or one male and one female) tended to be more intimate and self-disclosing than interactions between two males
(p. 452 social textbook)
What is meant by a close relationship?
---> Not defined in terms of positive feelings (sometimes conflict in a close relationship makes feelings negative)
---> Presence of interdependence: Each partner’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours influence the other
What are 3 types of interdependence that are experienced in close relationships?
2. Behavioural
3. Affective
Regarding close relationships, what is meant by commitment?
- Long-term orientation toward relationship, with intention to maintain it over time and strong emotional bond to partner
---> Commitment develops over time
---> This allows partners to trust that the other will be there for them
What experiment demonstrates that biases maintain commitment to relationships?
Students in committed relationships see alternative partners as less attractive (reducing comparison level for alternative partners)
---> commitment changes how we see other people
What does commitment predict?
What experiment demonstrated the effects of attachment styles on relationship processes?
Simpson, Rholes, and Nelligan (1992)
When upset, women classified as secure and preoccupied sought support from male partner
Dismissing and fearful women who were more upset actually sought less support
Securely attached men offered more support
If offered, support actually helped calm all the women
---> this study illustrates how attachment styles influence both people's trust in their partners' support and responsiveness, and their own willingness to offer support
(p. 463 social textbook)
What does passionate feelings add to relationships?
- Added to quieter feelings of warmth and affection
- Romantic love involves passionate feelings that are often intense, intrusive, and change sharply over time
---> Passion is like other emotions
---> It may be amplified by arousal from other sources
What is the difference between men and women regarding what they look for in choosing a relationship partner?
---> According to evolutionary psychology these differences in preference stem from the much higher cost of successful reproduction for women (because of pregnancy, nursing etc)
---> Men can maximise their reproductive success simply by having a large number of healthy children, and so their best bet is to physical cues that signal a partner's good health (D.M. Buss, 1994)
(p. 466 social textbook)
For short-term sexual encounters, what do both men and women rate highly?
(p. 467 social textbook)
For long-term relationships, what do both men and women rate highly?
- perhaps because the survival of human children depends on the shared resources of parents
(p. 467 social textbook)
What can be said about sex in the context of relationships?
- Although, causal direction is unclear
What 3 experiments shows that sex is associated with increased stability within romantic relationships?
Results - couples having sex were more likely to stay together over the course of 3 months
2. Sprecher, 2002 - studied 101 heterosexual young dating couples over several years
Results - sexual satisfaction was associated with relationship stability, at least for that age group
3. Birchler & Webb, 1977 - found that happily married couples have sex more frequently
(p. 468-469 social textbook)
How do men and women respond differently in troubled relationships?
---> Men more often cite absence of romance or passion
(p. 469 social textbook)
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