Read the summary and the most important questions on Taal in Uitvoering

• "Introductie"

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• Understanding incoming messages (mental model)

  You need: lexicon (vocabulary), syntax, meaning and world knowledge. Participants may construct mental images, and add or remove information, depending on their experiences and expectations

• Dimensions of the Language User Model

  1. Comprehension (meaning or thought) vs. production (speaking)
  2. Linguistics (structure) vs. Psychology (processes)
  3. Language vs. Thinking (conceptual systems --> makes mental model)

• Language processing needs a number of components (LUM)

  1. Representation and rules (LTM)
  2. Processing competents and processes
  3. Working memory
  4. Cognitive control, attention, monitoring

• Units of language processing (LUM)

  • Sublexical: letters/sounds, syllables - phonetics, phonology
  • Lexical: words - lexicology, morphology
  • Supralexical: phrases, sentences - syntax text / discourse 

• Linguistics disciplines and representations on LTM (small to big)

  • Phonetics: raw speechs sounds
  • Phonology: abstract son categories
  • Morphology: word structure
  • Syntax: sentence structure, word order
  • Semantics: meaning
  • Pragmatics: intended meaning

• Three prominent theoretical approaches in linguistics and psycholinguistics

  1. Behaviorist (Skinner): Utterances (uitingen) conceived as behavioristics Stimulus-Respones chains (S->R/S->R/S->...)
  2. Information Theory (Shannon): Utterances as states with transitional probabilities (the driver stepped into his a. car b. van c. trousers)
  3. Linguistics (Chomsky): Utterances seems as hierarchical structures ([[The angry farmer] [hit [the barking dog]]])

• Modularity - types of components in LUM

  • Transducers: change physical input into activation of nerve cells
  • Input systems: change information from the transducers into symbolic representations
  • Central system: the cognitive system processes symbolic representations and decides what has been received

• Modularity - the modular components

  • Domain specific: processes one type of input and delivers one type of input
  • Informationally encapsulated: processing is autonomous, only affected by the input of earlier operation modules
  • Automatic: therefore fast and mandatory (following fixed paths) but with only little control
  • Coherence with neural structures: function implemented in a specific brain area, characteristic problem in case of damage and break-down, characteristic rate of development

• Three basic assumptions on a modern view on language

  1. Humans represent outer reality in mental models
  2. Language is perceived, processed, and produced by a physical and biological being through bodily senses
  3. Language is used by a social begin in a particular context

• Auditory Word Recognition

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• Vibration of vocal chords

  • Voiced: b, v, z, d
    
  • (initially) voiceless: p, f, s, t