Teratogens
25 important questions on Teratogens
What is important about drawing conclusions from data about teratogens?
What is the critical period for an organ?
When is the critical period for an embryo or fetus in the development of the central nervous system (CNS)?
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When is the critical period for an embryo or fetus in the development of the external genitalia?
What kind of effects do teratogens most likely have when the embryo is exposed to it (so between the 3rd and 8th week)?
What kind of effects do teratogens most likely have when the fetus is exposed to it (so between the 12th and 38th week)?
What is thalidomide (1957-1961)?
What happened when thalidomide was widely used?
Why were arms and legs affected by thalidomide?
What are two other types of pharmacological teratogens?
- Aspirin
- Certain antibiotics
What type of antibiotics cause problems, and what kind of problems?
- can lead to hearing loss.
What can happen when a woman gets rubella in her first trimester of pregnancy?
What are some things children can get after getting a congenital rubella syndrome?
- Cardiac defects, deafness,
- eye anomalies,
- (and when in very early pregnancy) spontaneous abortion, stillbirth
What gives a higher risk for greater malformations?
What is another infectious agent that can give problems to the embryo/fetus, and what does it cause?
- can cause severe microcephaly, and other major problems.
What were the findings of Ness, et al. (1999) about tobacco and cocaine as teratogens?
- The self-reported cocaine use was not significantly related to miscarriage
- Cocaine use determined by analysis of urine and hair samples showed that:
- Cocaine use increased the probability of a miscarriage 1.4 times
- Smoking increased probability of a miscarriage 1.8 times
What can alcohol consumption during pregnancy lead to?
What kind of animals with FAS show the same facial characteristics?
What are two areas in the brain that are effected in children with FAS?
What are the type of structures in the brain that are typically deficient in children with FAS?
What is an example of a midline structure that can also be effected in children with FAS?
What does increase the risk of holoprosencephaly in certain species (humans?)?
What were three outcomes of studies in the 1990s on effects of alcohol drinking on embryological/fetal development?
- Consumption of 2 or more alcohol drinks a day resulted in a, on average, 7-points decrement in IQ in 7-year-olds
- Binge-drinking (once) leads to learning disabilities in 7-year-olds
- Binge-drinking & exposure early in pregnancy is associated with adolescent antisocial behaviour, school problems, and self-perceived learning difficulties
What kind of studies are necessary for studying teratogens?
What kind of factors does research on teratogens in humans not exclude?
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