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Human diets

19 important questions on Human diets

A dietary scenario analysis is a method that can be used to:

assess the environmental impact of dietary changes.

Select the correct statement(s) based on the paper by Hallstrom et al. (2015) (multiple answers possible):
A vegetarian diet provides a larger potential for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than a vegan diet.
Ruminant meat has the highest GHG emissions when compared to pork and poultry.
A diet in which meat is partially replaced by plant-based foods has a similar potential for reducing GHG emissions than a diet in which ruminant meat is fully replaced by pork and poultry.
A vegan diet provides the largest potential for reducing GHG emissions.

The correct answers are b) and d). Ruminant meat has the highest GHG emissions when compared to pork and poultry, and a vegan diet provides the largest potential for reducing GHG emissions from the diet. Statement a) is false, because a vegan diet provides a higher potential for reducing GHG emissions than a vegetarian diet. Statement c) is false because a diet which beef is partially replaced by plant-based foods has a negligible effect, whereas a diet in which all ruminant meat is partially replaced by pork and poultry results in 35% lower GHG emissions.

Choose the answer that completes the sentence correctly.
According to the Hallstrom et al. (2015), a change to __________ diets has a _ potential to reduce the demand for agricultural land than changing to _________.

vegan–higher – diets in which meat is partially replaced by plant-based foods

Select the correct statement(s) regarding “Empty calories” (multiple answers possible):
a. Empty calories are defined as calories from refined fats, gugars, meat, oils and alcohol.
b. The consumption of empty calories has increased in low-income countries but not in high-income countries.
c. In both high-income and low-income countries, there is an income-dependent increase in demand for empty calories.
d. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per kg of empty-calories foods are as low as those for poultry.

The correct answer is c). In both high-income and low-income countries, there is an income-dependent increase in demand for empty calories. Statement a) is false because meat is not considered a source of empty calories. Statement b) is false because the consumption of empty calories has increased in both low-income and high-income countries. Statement d) is false because the GHG emissions of per kg of empty calories are much lower than that of poultry.

Select the correct(s) statement(s) regarding the type of diet and its human health impact (multiple answers possible):
a. A vegetarian diet has the potential to reduce the risk of diabetes type II compared to an omnivorous diet.
b. A pescatarian diet has the potential to reduce the risk of cancer compared to an omnivorous diet.
c. A Mediterranean diet has the potential to reduce the risk of coronary mortality compared to an omnivorous diet.
d. The 2050-income dependent diet has the potential to reduce the risk of coronary-disease compared to the 2009-average global diet.

A, b, c

Indicate if each of the following statements is True or False.

a) Even foods that provide similar nutrition and have similar impacts on health can have markedly different life cycle environmental impacts.
b) Not all three alternative diets (i.e. Vegetarian, Mediterranean and pescatarian) could reduce emissions from food production below those of the projected 2050 income-dependent diet.
c. Environmentally beneficial diets maximize human health impacts.
d. Shifts towards healthier diets could substantially reduce future agricultural land demand and clearing.

True, false, false, true

Which of the alternatives are forms of malnutrition? (multiple answers possible):
a. Overweight and obesity
b. Hunger
c. Micronutrient deficiency
d. Veganism

A, b, c

Indicate which of the following statements is True or False.
a. Large farms are not crucial for food security
b. Less diverse farms are less resilient to climatic variation or pests
c. Smaller farms are stewards of global nutrition

False, true, true

Food is mainly produced in large farms (larger than 50 ha) in (multiple answers possible):
a. North America
b. Australia & New Zealand
c. South America
d. Europe

A, b, c

In the context of finding a systemic approach to solve the current food systems’ problems, the phrase “more foods with less impact” refers to a

production-based approach

Almost all researchers who study sustainable healthy diets highlight the environmental impacts of consumption and the complex associations between high meat intakes and____.

high – meat – health outcomes

Select the correct alternative.
[1] Diets containing fewer or no animal products generally emit fewer greenhouse gases (GHG) than the high-meat diets of Westerns.
[2] Diets rich in fruits and vegetables are the best option in terms of water-related impacts.
[3] Environmental-friendly diets are always healthy.

1 is correct and 2 and 3 are incorrect.

Indicate if the statement is True or False.

"Evidence suggests that human environmental problems can’t be solved without altering our diets."

True

Indicate if the statement is True or False.
Most studies assessing the environmental impacts of diets focus on Europe; less affluent countries are almost entirely unexamined.

True

It is more efficient from a land-use efficiency perspective, to have diets with

small amounts of animal-source foods.

From a land-use and food security perspective, it is better to

reduce food waste levels.

About 100 years ago, which animal was fed food waste on a fresh-basis?

Pigs

‘Low-cost livestock production’ is defined as:

A form of livestock production in which only resources are used that are not suitable for human consumption.

___ was the factor that had the biggest effect in East Asia, in Western high- and middle-income countries, and in Latin America, while _ was the biggest factor in reducing deaths in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Reduced red meat consumption – increasing fruit and vegetable intake.

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Human diets

19 important questions on Human diets

A dietary scenario analysis is a method that can be used to:

Choose the answer that completes the sentence correctly.According to the Hallstrom et al. (2015), a change to ______________ diets has a _________ potential to reduce the demand for agricultural land than changing to _____________.

Which of the alternatives are forms of malnutrition? (multiple answers possible): a. Overweight and obesity b. Hungerc. Micronutrient deficiency d. Veganism

Indicate which of the following statements is True or False.a. Large farms are not crucial for food security b. Less diverse farms are less resilient to climatic variation or pests c. Smaller farms are stewards of global nutrition

Food is mainly produced in large farms (larger than 50 ha) in (multiple answers possible):a. North Americab. Australia & New Zealand c. South America d. Europe

In the context of finding a systemic approach to solve the current food systems’ problems, the phrase “more foods with less impact” refers to a

Almost all researchers who study sustainable healthy diets highlight the __________environmental impacts of ________ consumption and the complex associations between high meat intakes and______________.

Indicate if the statement is True or False."Evidence suggests that human environmental problems can’t be solved without altering our diets."

Indicate if the statement is True or False.Most studies assessing the environmental impacts of diets focus on Europe; less affluent countries are almost entirely unexamined.

It is more efficient from a land-use efficiency perspective, to have diets with

From a land-use and food security perspective, it is better to

About 100 years ago, which animal was fed food waste on a fresh-basis?

‘Low-cost livestock production’ is defined as:

_______________ was the factor that had the biggest effect in East Asia, in Western high- and middle-income countries, and in Latin America, while _____________ was the biggest factor in reducing deaths in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Choose the answer that completes the sentence correctly.
According to the Hallstrom et al. (2015), a change to __________ diets has a _ potential to reduce the demand for agricultural land than changing to _________.

Which of the alternatives are forms of malnutrition? (multiple answers possible):
a. Overweight and obesity
b. Hunger
c. Micronutrient deficiency
d. Veganism

Indicate which of the following statements is True or False.
a. Large farms are not crucial for food security
b. Less diverse farms are less resilient to climatic variation or pests
c. Smaller farms are stewards of global nutrition

Food is mainly produced in large farms (larger than 50 ha) in (multiple answers possible):
a. North America
b. Australia & New Zealand
c. South America
d. Europe

Almost all researchers who study sustainable healthy diets highlight the environmental impacts of consumption and the complex associations between high meat intakes and____.

Indicate if the statement is True or False.

"Evidence suggests that human environmental problems can’t be solved without altering our diets."

Indicate if the statement is True or False.
Most studies assessing the environmental impacts of diets focus on Europe; less affluent countries are almost entirely unexamined.

___ was the factor that had the biggest effect in East Asia, in Western high- and middle-income countries, and in Latin America, while _ was the biggest factor in reducing deaths in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

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