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• 1 Tumorbio-5

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• What is the effect of receptor tyrosine kinase?

  autophosphorylation

• What is the effect of overexpression of HER2?

  elevation of 17q gene expression

• How does isolation of a human activated oncogene work?

  1) bladder tumor for example
  2) cell line EJ
  3) DNS EJ isolatie
  4) transformation NIH 3T3 cellen
  5) mouse DNA + integraded human DNA (NIH 3T3)
  6) transformation NIH 3T3 cellen in mouse

• How do you identify oncogenes in tumor cells?

  1) human tumor DNA -> with alu, oncogene & nonrepeating sequences
  2) initial transfection into mouse cell
  3) genome of initially transfected/trnasformed mouse cell formed
  4) DNA breakage and secondary transfection into a new mouse cell

• What is the effect of RAS?

  a small GTP binding protein,
  posttranslationally modified by lipophilic groups at c-end

• What is the effect of GAP/GEF?

  switch I/II regions modify with hydrolysis from GTP to GDP

• How does the mitogenic signalling pathway work?

  Ras active (GTP form) -> MAPKKK (Raf) active -> MAPKK (Mek) active -> MAPK (Erk) active -> phosphorylation of proteins and regulatory genes -> changes in protein activity or gene expression

• How does the ras activation in cancer cells work?

  1) promotion of proliferation
  2) stimulation protein synthesis
  3) suppression of apoptosis
  4) metabolic reprogramming
  5) remodelling the microenvironment
  6) evasion of the immune response

• What is the effect of Hodgkins disease?

  neoplastic proliferation of large lymphoid cells with uncertain origin (reed-sternberg cells, Bcells without functional Ig that escape apoptosis

• What is the effect of non-hodgekins lymphomas?

  derived from neoplastic proliferations of lymphocytes or rarely histiocytic cells