Read the summary and the most important questions on Urban Studies Foundation

• Population and migration

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• Why did cities grow (before 1800)?

  Migration was the key factor (no city could grow without migration)

• How did cities grow?

  High mortality
  urban growth promoted by three interlinked factors:
  
  1. Movement from the countryside to the city
  2. Agrarian development
  3. Growth of long-distant trade > transnational trading networks across Europe, the Middle East and Asia.
  
  > migration

• What are three important distinctions in migration history:

  1. Forced migration and voluntary migration (warcaptives, slaves, labourforce) 
  2. Temporary and permanent migration (city to city for trading for period of time)
  3. Rural-urban migration and inter-urban migration (farmers, agrarians to find work or sell their products) (city-to-city migration within region or further)

• How do people know how many people were living in the cities in the past?

  Through cementaries

• Why did people migrate to early cities?

  MESOPOTAMIA
  - Rural insecurity (land and water scarcity) try to find a way of living.
   - urban residence expresses membership (and power) of early city-state community. (churches, temples, government, thus maybe gaining power).
  - Forced migration: slaves (we know that of pictures and cultural expressions)

• Why did cities emerge in South Asia?

  Ancient Indian empires
  - state information or demographic growth?
  - rural-urban migration
  
  (NOT ENOUGH EVIDENCE YET)

• The economy of great diverge

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• What were the means of obtaining power in early cities?

  1. Appropriation of agricultural surpluses
  2. Gain control of a Longs-distant trade

• What were first fragiles of early urban economies?

  1. Dependence on extraction of rural resources
  2. Coercion could lead to resistance
  3. Prestige economy: problems with legitimacy (not all people were convinced so there was place for resistance)
  
  Result: most early urban economies collapsed

• Why did ancient cities decline? Societal collapse

  1. Environmental conditions ( jared diamond 2005; sever drought and deforestation)
  2. Moral decat and outside attacks
  3. Social theory: elite competition 
  
  Problems>
  - no solid evidence
  - variation in ancient cities

• How can you explain variation in attraction surplus?

  Max weber: 
  distiction between two systems: 
  1. Producer cities (market-oriented)
  2. Consumer cities (coercion-oriented)
  
  systems can be centralized or decentralized