Read the summary and the most important questions on Veterinary Immunology | 9781455703623 | Ian Tizard.

• 1 The Defence of the body

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• Difference between adaptive and innate

  - in the way they recognize pathogens
  - innate system -> binds molecules commonly expressed on many different microbes
  - adaptive system -> generates a lot of completely new receptors  that can bind a wild array of foreign moleculs 
  - bacteria and viruses require different systems because one originates outside the body and the other inside the body's own cells.

• 2 Innate Immunity: The Recognition of Invaders

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• C-type lectin receptors

  - proteins that bind carbohydrates in a calcium dependent manner
  - many different types of lectins
  - some are cell surface PRRs

• 3 Innate Immunity: Proinflammatory and Antimicrobial Mediators

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• Damaged tissue generates

  - broken cells realease DAMPs
  - invading microbes provides PAMPs
  - pain due to tissue damage -> sensory nerves release bioactvice peptides
  
  -> This mixture attracts leukocytes and acts on blood vessels

• PAMPs or DAMPs bind to PRRs

  -> mediator molecules (also called cytokines) are releases by signaling cells
  -> mediator cells bind to receptors on receiving cells
  -> triggers their respons

• 4 innate immunity: neutrophils and phagocytosis

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• Prime function of inflammation

  - to ensure that phagocytic cells intercept invading microbes and destroy them

• 5 innate immunity: Macrophages and recovery from inflammation

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• Fate of foreign material

  - which macrophages an animal uses depends on the animal
  - rate of immune elimination depends on whether or not the body has encountered the foreign before
  - foreign material in tissue -> inflammation -> dentritic cells and macrophages initiate an adaptive immune response 
  - patricles that enter the blood from the intestines are removed by macrophages in the liver- particles that enter the lympatic system will be trapped in lymph nodes  - particles absorbed in the lungs are cleared to lymph nodes

• 6 systematic repsonses to inflammation

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• Il1, IL6 and TNF-alpha

  - induce skeletal muscle -> increase protein catabolism -> releases amino acids
  - free amino acids are used to make cytokines and antibodies + increase protein synthesis and secretion in the liver  

• Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

  - SIRS = after massive tissue damage DAMPs escape into the bloodstream -> sentinel cells produce cytokines -> results in acidosis -> possibly lethal shock

• Protein misfolding disease

  Amyloidosis = buildup of insoluble protein (amyloid) in tissue due to wrong folding
  
  - reactive amyloid is associated with chronic inflammation

• 7 innate immunity: The complement system

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• Other consequences of complement activation

  - opsonization
  - promoting post inflammatory healing by removal of apoptotic cells
  - inflammation
  - blood coagulation (stolling)
  - chemotaxis
  - immune regulation