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• 1 Week 3

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• What is meant by 'civic community'?

  The amount of ethnic social capital of a particular group; the denser the network of their associations is, the higher their political trust and participation is expected to be.

• Mention at least 3 points of critique on the 'civic community' approach

  1) The approach is too narrow, for it leaves out cross-cultural social capital
  2) There is no distinction made between the character of ethnic organisations, which leads them to compare apples with oranges;
  3) There is no recognition of ‘bridging social capital’, different levels of characteristics such as entrepreneurship;
  4) There is no explanation of the relation and whether it works in one or two directions.
  5) The influence of political opportunity structures, i.e. the opportunities the political system gives to different groups, has been left out.

• How is the 'theory of preference' related to interethnic contacts?

  the theory of preference is about the preference people have to engage with people who are similar to them, thus the same cultural background, similar values and a similar world-view.

• How is the theory of opportunities' related to interethnic contacts?

  the opportunity to meet people from other ethnicities.

• What is the role of third parties in relation to interethnic contacts?

  They can either encourage interethnic contact or discourage it. Third parties set the norms regarding, among other things of course, interethnic contact. 

• How is similarity between home and host country related to interethnic contact?

  Interethnic contact can differ among ethnic groups because of the similarity of the home country and the host country. E.g. similar religion, language.

• How is age at arrival in host country related to interethnic contacts?

  Immigrants who enter at a younger age don't necessarily develop more interethnic contact over time.

• How is home country education related to interethnic contacts?

  Highly educated immigrants are more likely to find themselves surrounded by Dutch people and have a more universalistic view on life (finding ethnic group membership less important). “Therefore they have a weaker preference for contact with co-ethnics than low-educated people” 

• How is language proficiency related to interethnic contacts?

  “Proficiency in the language of the host country is a crucial resource that facilitates interethnic interaction” 

• How is host-country education related to interethnic contacts?

  Immigrants who go to school in the Netherlands learn about the Dutch culture, which might make them accept Dutch customs and values, and therefore also prefer interaction with natives and also have a bigger opportunity to meet them.